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Module 8 > Renal AP > Flashcards

Renal AP Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT a function of the Kidneys?

The kidneys regulate blood pressure and blood glucose

The kidneys regulate pH and ionic composition of the blood

The kidneys produce hormones erythropoietin and calcitrol

The kidneys return ammonia and urea to the blood stream

A

The kidneys return ammonia and urea to the blood stream

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2
Q

The kidneys are located in the ____________ space.

Pelvic cavity

Peritoneal cavity

Retroperitoneal

Abdominal

A

Retroperitoneal

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3
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the location of the kidneys is CORRECT?

The right kidney is lower due to the spleen

The left kidney is lower due to the size of the liver

The right kidney is lower due to the size of the liver

The left kidney is lower due to the stomach filling after a meal

A

The right kidney is lower due to the size of the liver

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4
Q

The entrance into the kidney is called the:

Renal hilum

Renal column

Renal pyramid

Renal sinus

A

Renal hilum

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5
Q

The renal pyramids are located within the:

Renal Column

Renal Cortex

Renal Medulla

Renal Capsule

A

Renal Medulla

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6
Q

A renal lobe consists of the following:

Renal Cortex

Renal Medulla

Nephrons

All of the above

A

all of the above

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7
Q

There are three distinct layers of tissue that surround each kidney. Which of the following layers is considered to be the most superficial?

Adipose Capsule

Renal Capsule

Renal Fascia

Renal Nephron

A

Renal Fascia

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8
Q

There are three distinct layers of tissue that surround each kidney. Which of the following statements correlates to the renal fascia?

Anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and the abdominal wall

Mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule

Serves as a barrier against trauma and maintains kidney shape

The deepest layers of the 3 tissues

A

Anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and the abdominal wall

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9
Q

Which of the following pathways lists the CORRECT sequence of urine formation in the kidney?

Pyramidal nephron  minor calyx  major calyx  renal pelvis  ureter  bladder  urethra

v

Pyramidal nephron minor calyx  major calyx  renal pelvis  urethra  bladder  ureter

Major calyx  Minor calyx  Pyramidal nephron renal pelvis  ureter  bladder  urethra

A

Pyramidal nephron major calyx  minor calyx  renal pelvis  ureter  bladder  urethra

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10
Q

The renal corpuscle is composed of a glomerulus and the______________:

Proximal convoluted tubule

Glomerular/Bowman’s capsule

Loops of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

A

Glomerular/Bowman’s capsule

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11
Q

Which section of the nephron comes directly after the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

Descending limb of the loop

Proximal convoluted tubule

Distal convoluted tubule

Collecting duct

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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12
Q

Which of the following should NOT be found in the glomerular filtrate of healthy individuals?

Glucose

Plasma protein

Urea

Amino acids

A

Plasma protein

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13
Q

Which of the following cells forms pedicles that encircle the glomerular capillaries?

Podocytes

Macula densa

Principal cells

Intercalated cells

A

Podocytes

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14
Q

The ¬___________________ is prominent in the final part of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, which makes contact with the afferent arteriole.

Macula densa

Juxtaglomerular cells

Principal cells

Podocytes

A

Macula densa

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15
Q

Which of the following cells have receptors for the Antidurietic Hormone that facilitates water reabsorption?

Principal cells

Intercalated cells

Juxtaglomerular cells

Podocyte cells

A

Principal cells

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16
Q

Which of the following CORRECTLY describes the function of podocytes?

Monitors the distal tubular fluid chloride concentration

Regulates filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure

Upon contraction, they close filtration slits thus reducing the GFR

Permits the filtration of large plasma proteins at the glomerulus

A

Upon contraction, they close filtration slits thus reducing the GFR

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17
Q

Which of the following structures receives urine from the major calyx of the kidney?

The ureter

The renal pelvis

The minor calyx

The convoluted tubules

A

The renal pelvis

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18
Q

Which of the following structures receives urine from the Renal Pyramid of the kidney?

The ureter

The renal pelvis

The minor calyx

The convoluted tubules

A

The minor calyx

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19
Q

Which of the following anatomical surfaces do the kidneys rest against?

Pelvic floor

Posterior thorax

Anterior abdominal wall

Posterior abdominal wall

A

Posterior abdominal wall

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20
Q

Which anatomical structure is considered to be the functional unit of a kidney?

Ureter

Medulla

Nephron

Glomerulus

A

Nephron

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21
Q

Which of the following regions contains the majority of the kidneys glomeruli?

Cortex

Capsule

Medulla

Renal pelvis

A

Cortex

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22
Q

Tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the _________________.

Loop of Henle

Renal corpuscle

Peritubular capillaries

Renal cortex

A

Peritubular capillaries

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23
Q

Which section of the renal tubules does the Parathyroid hormone affect?

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Collecting Duct

Loop of Henle

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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24
Q

The kidneys are abundantly supplied with blood vessels, which all come from the right and left renal arteries. Which of the following blood vessels enters the renal corpuscle first?

Afferent arterioles

Glomerular capillaries

Efferent arterioles

Renal vein

A

Afferent arterioles

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25
Q

The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at which of the following structures?

Proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

Glomerulus

A

Loop of Henle

26
Q

Which of the following renal functions is CORRECT with respect to the Parathyroid hormone?

Stimulates the release of ADH

Decreases overall blood volume

Increases glomerular filtration rates

Increases reabsorption of Ca2+

A

increases reabsorption of Ca2+

27
Q

Which of the following organs can release Atrial Naturiuretic Peptide (ANP) when normal blood volume and pressure becomes too great?

The liver

The heart

The kidney

The adrenal gland

A

The heart

28
Q

Which of the following epithelial cell types is found in the inner most lining of the urinary bladder?

Stratified Columnar epithelium

Transitional epithelium

Ciliated cuboidal epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Transitional epithelium

29
Q

Which structure is final structure in the sequence of urine flow?

Ureter

Kidney

Bladder

Urethra

A

Urethra

30
Q

Glomerular Filtration depends on three main pressures. One pressure promotes filtration and two pressures oppose filtration. Which of the following statements is the CORRECT definition of the Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP)?

Hydrostatic pressure is due to the presence of plasma proteins

The pressure of the filtrate in the glomerular that promotes filtration

The pressure within the afferent arterioles opposes filtration

The pressure within the glomerular capillaries promotes filtration

A

The pressure within the glomerular capillaries promotes filtration

31
Q

Calculate the Net Filtration Pressure given the following values: Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure:55 mmHg: Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure:15 mmHg Blood Osmotic Pressure:30 mmHg:

55 mmHg

10 mmHg

30 mmHg

100 mmHg

A

10 mmHg

32
Q

Autoregulation occurs within the kidneys themselves in order to help maintain constant renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Which of the following types of regulation is responsible for decreasing glomerular filtration rates?

Tubularglomerular feedback

Atrial Naturiuretic Peptide Hormone

Myogenic mechanism

Both A and C

A

Tubularglomerular feedback

Myogenic mechanism

33
Q

Which of the following mechanisms occurs when stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle cells in the walls of afferent arterioles?

Myogenic mechanism

Tubuloglomerular feedback

Neural regulation

Hormonal regulation

A

Myogenic mechanism

34
Q

Which of the following structures is a small tube leading from the internal urethral sphincter to the exterior of the body?

Urethra

External urethral spincter

Ureter

Renal pelvis

A

Urethra

35
Q

Which of the following statements CORRECTLY identifies a function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) in the kidney?

The PCT secretes Na+ for excretion in the urine

The PCT reabsorbs a variable amount of urea into the urine

The PCT secretes water into the urine to dilutes the solutes

The PCT reabsorbs nutrients like glucose, amino acid and vitamins

A

The PCT reabsorbs nutrients like glucose, amino acid and vitamins

36
Q

Which of the following is the first step in urine formation?

Tubular secretion

Glomerular filtration

Tubular reabsorption

Glomerular secretion

A

Glomerular filtration

37
Q

Which of the following terms corresponds to the return of filtered plasma to the blood?

Tubular secretion

Glomerular filtration

Tubular reabsorption

Glomerular secretion

A

Tubular reabsorption

38
Q

Which of the following processes is NOT a function of the nephron?

Tubular secretion

Glomerular filtration

Tubular reabsorption

Glomerular reabsorption

A

Glomerular reabsorption

39
Q

hich of the following functions of the nephron and collecting tubules is responsible for eliminating wastes from the body and controlling blood pH?

Tubular secretion

Glomerular filtration

Tubular reabsorption

Glomerular secretion

A

Tubular secretion

40
Q

Which of the following statements identifies the CORRECT percentage of glomerular filtrate returned to the blood stream in the course of a day?

99% of the 15 -18 liters of fluid filtered in a day

75% of the 15 -18 liters of fluid filtered in a day

99% of the 150 -180 liters of fluid filtered in a day

75% of the 150 -180 liters of fluid filtered in a day

A

99% of the 150 -180 liters of fluid filtered in a day

41
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT in the role of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

Decrease reabsorption of water in the blood vessels

Urine becomes more concentrated with solutes

Triggered by increased osmolarity of extracellular fluid

ADH can activate cells in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

A

Decrease reabsorption of water in the blood vessels

42
Q

Which of the following correctly identifies the pH range for blood?

5.35-8.45

2.35-6.45

7.35-7.45

8.35-10.45

A

7.35-7.45

43
Q

_______________ forces water and most solutes in blood plasma across the selectively permeable walls of the glomerular capillaries.

Osmolarity

Blood pressure

pH

None of the above

A

Blood pressure

44
Q

A 3-year-old child has been rewarded with a hug because she is now completely toilet trained. Which muscle is the one that she has learned to control?

Internal sphincter muscle

External sphincter muscle

Internal and external sphincter muscles

Biceps femoris

A

External sphincter muscle

45
Q

An increase in the carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids increases hydrogen ion concentration as well; therefore, the __________ in pH can make body fluids more __________.

Decrease; acidic

Decrease; basic

Increase; acidic

Increase; basic

A

Decrease; acidic

46
Q

Which of the following hormones enhances the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in the nephron?

Angiotensin II

Antidiuretic Hormone

Aldosterone

Both A and C

A

Both A and C

47
Q

Which of the following hormones is released from the adrenal cortex?

Aldosterone

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Antidiuretic hormone

Parathyroid hormone

A

Aldosterone

48
Q

Under the influence of ADH, the kidneys can produce highly concentrated urine. Which of the following DOES NOT contribute to the production of concentrated urine by the kidneys?

Countercurrent flow through the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle

Urea recycling that causes build-up of urea in the renal medulla

Build-up of Na+ and Cl- in the renal medulla through the thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle

None of the above

A

None of the above

49
Q

When dilute urine is being formed, the osmolarity of the fluid __________ as it goes down the descending loop of Henle, __________ as it goes up the ascending limb, and __________ as it flows through the rest of the nephron and collecting duct.

Increases; decreases; decreases

Increases; decreases; increases

Decreases; decreases; decreases

Decreases; increases; decreases

A

Increases; decreases; decreases

50
Q

Once in the nephron, glucose can only be reabsorbed into the blood through the ______________.

Loop of Henle (ascending)

Loop of Henle (descending)

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

51
Q

An elevation of plasma bicarbonate (HCO3-) and an increase in blood pH produces:

Metabolic acidosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Respiratory acidosis

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Metabolic alkalosis

52
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT with respect to Renal Cystic Disease?

Dilation of tubular structures is present with cyst formation

Cysts may be single or multiple with varying sizes

Although they may arise as developmental abnormalities, most forms are hereditary

None of the above

A

none of the above

53
Q

Which of the following pathologies corresponds to an increase in PCO2 and a decrease in plasma pH?

Respiratory acidosis

Respiratory alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Hypocapnia

A

Respiratory acidosis

54
Q

Which of the following is the scientific term for infectious disorders of the lower urinary tract (ie. bladder infections)?

Hypercapnia

Nephrolithiasis

Cystisis

Renal Cysts

A

Cystisis

55
Q

Which of the following events can be potential cause of Urinary Obstruction?

Pregnancy

Kidney stones

Infection leading to scar tissue formation

All of the above

A

all of the above

56
Q

Which of the following molecules does NOT form a type of kidney stone?
Sodium

Calcium

Uric acid

Magnesium phosphate

A

Sodium

57
Q

Which of the following conditions is suspected if these symptoms develop: acute, intermittent and excruciating flank pain on the affected side; pain may radiate to lower abdominal quadrant and pelvic area; vomiting and nausea?

Kidney stones

Kidney infection

Bladder infection

Simple renal cysts

A

Kidney stones

58
Q

The washout phenomenon most accurately corresponds to the following statement:

Urine from the kidneys normally washes bacteria out of the ureters

Urine from the bladder normally washes bacteria out of the urethra

Urine from the kidneys normally washes bacteria from of the ureter

Urine from the bladder normally washes bacteria from of the urethra

A

Urine from the bladder normally washes bacteria out of the urethra

59
Q

Which of the following is INCORRECT with regards to Chronic Renal Failure?

Chronic renal failure is a reversible disease

Diabetes can be a direct cause of chronic renal failure

It can result from any condition that causes permanent loss of nephrons

There is a progressive drop in the glomerular filtration rate

A

Chronic renal failure is a reversible disease

60
Q

Which of the following body systems is affected by chronic renal failure?

Nervous system and Skeletal system

Immune System and Integumentary system

Cardiovascular, Reproductive and Gastrointestinal systems

All systems of the body are affected

A

All systems of the body are affected

Module 8 (8 decks)

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