Renal Disease

Question 1

What is the average size of a human kidney?

Answer 1

10 x 5 x 3 cm

Question 2

Where are the kidneys located in the body?

Answer 2

Retroperitoneal, between the diaphragm (superiorly) and abdominal wall muscles (inferiorly)

Question 3

What structures are anterior to the right kidney?

Answer 3

Liver, duodenum, and ascending colon

Question 4

What are the three main regions of the kidney?

Answer 4

Renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis

Question 5

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

Answer 5

It collects urine before passing it to the ureter.

Question 6

What percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

Answer 6

20%

Question 7

What is the primary function of the glomerulus?

Answer 7

Ultrafiltration of plasma to produce urine

Question 8

List three major functions of the kidney.

Answer 8

Salt and water homeostasis, excretion of waste, and endocrine function

Question 9

Which hormone regulates water retention in the kidney?

Answer 9

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 10

What role does the kidney play in acid-base homeostasis?

Answer 10

It reabsorbs bicarbonate and excretes hydrogen ions.

Question 11

What hormone is produced by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell production?

Answer 11

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 12

How does the kidney contribute to calcium homeostasis?

Answer 12

It converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D to its active form, calcitriol, which increases calcium absorption.

Question 13

What are the two types of renal disease?

Answer 13

Acute and chronic

Question 14

What are the common causes of chronic kidney disease?

Answer 14

Hypertension and diabetes

Question 15

What is the primary cause of diabetic nephropathy?

Answer 15

Prolonged hyperglycemia leading to inflammation and cellular damage

Question 16

What is the most common type of glomerulonephritis?

Answer 16

IgA nephropathy

Question 16

What are the three major causes of acute kidney injury (AKI)?

Answer 16

Pre-renal (decreased perfusion), renal (damage to kidney tissue), post-renal (obstruction)

Question 17

What are two common causes of renal cancer?

Answer 17

Smoking and hypertension

Question 18

Which bacteria is most commonly responsible for pyelonephritis?

Answer 18

E. coli

Question 19

What are the two main types of dialysis?

Answer 19

Haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

Question 20

Why should dental procedures be scheduled on non-dialysis days for patients undergoing haemodialysis?

Answer 20

To minimize the risk of bleeding and infection due to anticoagulant therapy.

Question 21

What oral condition is more common in renal transplant patients due to immunosuppressive drugs?

Answer 21

Gingival overgrowth

Question 22

What is the most common solid organ transplant?

Answer 22

Kidney transplant

Question 23

What impact does chronic kidney disease have on platelet function?

Answer 23

It leads to prolonged bleeding times and impaired platelet aggregation.

Question 24

Why are patients with chronic kidney disease at a higher risk of oral infections?

Answer 24

Due to impaired immunity and altered salivary flow.

Question 25

Which dental drugs should be avoided in renal failure patients?

Answer 25

NSAIDs and tetracyclines

Question 26

How does poor oral health impact dialysis patients?

Answer 26

It is linked to systemic complications such as cardiovascular disease and pneumonia.

Question 27

What is the safest way to prescribe medications to patients with renal disease?

Answer 27

Adjust dosages based on renal function and avoid nephrotoxic drugs.