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AUBF2 > Renal Diseases > Flashcards

Renal Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four classification/type of Renal Diseases?

A

GLOMERULAR
TUBULAR
INTERSTITIAL
VASCULAR

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2
Q

Most often are Immune-Mediated

A

Glomerular

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3
Q

Result from INFECTIOUS or TOXIC SUBSTANCES

A

TUBULAR and INTERSTITIAL

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4
Q

Causes a Renal Perfusion that subsequently induces both MORPHOLOGIC and FUNCTIONAL changes in the kidney

A

VASCULAR

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5
Q

Increased permeability of the Glomeruli to the passage of Plasma Proteins [Albumin]

A

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

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6
Q

[3.5 g/day]

A

HEAVY PROTEINURIA

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7
Q

[Plasma Albumin usually <3 g/dL →Liver Synthesis unable to compensate for the large amount of protein excreted in the urine]

A

HYPOPROTEINEMIA

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8
Q

HYPERLIPIDEMIA [Increased Plasma Levels of:

A

▪ Triglycerides
▪ Cholesterol
▪ Phospholipids
▪ VLDL

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9
Q

One Cause: Post-Streptococcal Infection → Known as: Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis [Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococci – those with M PROTEIN in their cell wall induces this type of Nephritis

A

ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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10
Q

Post-Streptococcal Infection → Known as:

A

Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis

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11
Q

BLOOD: Elevated ASO Titer

A

ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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12
Q

Non-AGN: Non-Streptococcal Agent

A

ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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13
Q

Bacteria: Pneumococci

A

ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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14
Q

Viruses: Mumps, Hepa B

A

ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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15
Q

Parasitic Infection: Malaria

A

ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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16
Q

SCLEROSIS of the Glomeruli

A

FOCAL SEGMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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17
Q

FOCAL: Occurring in some Glomeruli

A

FOCAL SEGMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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18
Q

SEGMENTAL: Affecting a Specific Area of the Glomerulus

A

FOCAL SEGMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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19
Q

PREDOMINANT FEATURE: Proteinuria

A

FOCAL SEGMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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20
Q

Characteristics:
Cellular Proliferation of the MESANGIUM

A

MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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21
Q

Characteristics:
LEUKOCYTES INFILTRATION

A

MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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22
Q

Characteristics:
Thickening of the Glomerular Membrane

A

MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

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23
Q

Characteristics of MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS:

A

▪ Cellular Proliferation of the MESANGIUM
▪ LEUKOCYTES INFILTRATION
▪ Thickening of the Glomerular Membrane

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24
Q

Most prevalent type of Glomerulonephritis worldwide

A

IgA NEPHROPATHY

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25
Deposition of IgA in the Glomerular Mesangium
IgA NEPHROPATHY
26
Development: Slow and Silent
CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
27
80%: Have previously some form of Glomerulonephritis
CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
28
20%: Forms of Glomerulonephritis that has been unrecognized
CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
29
Destruction of RENAL TUBULAR Epithelial Cells
ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS
30
What are the 2 Distinct type of Acute Tubular Necrosis?
ISCHEMIC and TOXIC
31
Follows a HYPOTENSIVE event that result in decrease perfusion of the kidneys followed by a renal tissue ischemia
Ischemic ATN
32
The 3 Principal Causes of ISCHEMIC ATN are?
▪ Sepsis ▪ Shock ▪ Trauma
33
Results from exposure to NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS
TOXIC ATN
34
Caused by Variety of agents separated into Categories: TOXIC ATN
ENDOGENOUS NEPHROTOXIN and EXOGENOUS NEPHROTOXIN
35
Normal solutes or substances that become toxic when their concentration in the bloodstream is excessive
ENDOGENOUS NEPHROTOXIN
36
Hemoglobin→Hemoglobinuria→Severe Hemolytic Events Myoglobin → Myoglobinuria → Rhabdomyosis Uric Acid Immunoglobulin Light Chain
ENDOGENOUS NEPHROTOXIN
37
Substances ingested or absorbed
EXOGENOUS NEPHROTOXIN
38
These are EXOGENOUS NEPHROTOXIN substances that are absorb:
▪ Therapeutic agents ▪ Anesthetics ▪ Radiographic Contrast Media ▪ Chemotherapeutic Drugs ▪ Recreational Drugs ▪ Industrial Chemicals
39
Impaired ability to reabsorb GLUCOSE
Renal Glucosuria
40
Impaired ability to reabsorb specific AMINO ACIDS
Cystinuria [Cystine and Dibasic AA] and Hartnup Disease [Monoamino- Monocarboxylic AA]
41
Impaired ability to reabsorb SODIUM
Bartter’s Syndrome
42
Impaired ability to reabsorb BICARBONATE
Renal Tubular Acidosis Type II
43
Impaired ability to reabsorb CALCIUM
Idiopathic Hypercalciuria
44
Excessive reabsorption of CALCIUM
Hypocalciuric Familial Hypercalcemia
45
This proximal tubular dysfunction that has an excessive reabsorption of SODIUM
Gordon’s Syndrome
46
Excessive reabsorption of PHOSPHATE
Pseudohypo Parathyroidism
47
Generalized LOSS OF PROXIMAL TUBULAR FUNCTION Not reabsorbed from the Ultrafiltrate and excreted in the Urine: ▪ Amino Acid ▪ Glucose ▪ Water ▪ Phosphorus ▪ Potassium ▪ Calcium
Fanconi Syndrome
48
Impaired ability to reabsorb PHOSPHATE
Familial Hypophosphatemia [Vitamin D Resistant Rickets]
49
This is both Proximal and Distal Tubular Dysfunction
Idiopathic Hypercalciuria
50
Impaired ability to ACIDIFY URINE
Renal Tubular Acidosis, Types I and IV
51
Impaired ability to retain SODIUM
Renal Salt-Losing Disorder
52
Impaired ability to concentrate URINE
Nephrogenic Diabetes
53
This distal tubular dysfunction that has excessive reabsorption of SODIUM
Liddle’s Syndrome
54
Inability to reabsorb INORGANIC PHOSPHATES
Renal Phosphaturia
55
These are the Proximal Tubular Dysfunctions
Renal Glucosuria Cystinuria [Cystine and Dibasic AA] Hartnup Disease [Monoamino- Monocarboxylic AA] Bartter’s Syndrome Renal Tubular Acidosis Type II Idiopathic Hypercalciuria Hypocalciuric Familial Hypercalcemia Gordon’s Syndrome Pseudohypo Parathyroidism Fanconi Syndrome
56
These are the Distal Dysfunctions
Familial Hypophosphatemia [Vitamin D Resistant Rickets] Idiopathic Hypercalciuria Renal Tubular Acidosis, Types I and IV Renal Salt-Losing Disorder Nephrogenic Diabetes Liddle’s Syndrome Renal Phosphaturia
57
LOWER UTI Urethra:______
Urethritis
58
LOWER UTI Bladder:______
Cystitis
59
▪ Painful urination:______ ▪ Burning Sensation ▪ Frequent urge to urinate
Dysuria
60
Lower UTI:
Urethritis Cystitis Dysuria
61
UPPER UTI Renal Pelvis alone:______
Pyetitis
62
UPPER UTI Renal Pelvis including Interstitium:______
Pyelonephritis
63
What are the Bacterial infection that involves in ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS?
▪ Renal Tubules ▪ Interstitium ▪ Renal Pelvis
64
MECHANISM: 1. Movement of bacteria from the lower urinary tract to the kidney 2. Localization of the bacteria from the bloodstream in the kidneys [Hematogenous infection]
ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS
65
Develops when permanent inflammation of renal tissue causes permanent scarring that involves the: ▪ Renal Calyces ▪ Pelvis
CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS
66
Allergic response to the interstitium of the kidney
ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS
67
Most Common Cause: Acute Allograft Rejection of a Transplanted Kidney
ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS
68
Normal flora of GIT and Vagina
Candida species [e.g. Candida albicans]
69
Proliferation of yeasts due to:
▪ Changes in pH ▪ Adversely disrupted by antibiotics
70
Clinically Sudden: ▪ Decrease of GFR ▪ Azotemia ▪ Oliguria [Urine Output of <400MI]
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
71
Results from Decrease Renal Blood Flow [25% of cases] Urine Sodium Concentration is Low = Incresed amount of Sodium being reabsorbed
PRE-RENAL
72
Approximately 65% of cases Renal Damage Can result from: ▪ Glomerular ▪ Tubular ▪ Vascular Disease Process Increased Urinary Excretion of Sodium
RENAL
73
Approximately 10% of cases Obstruction in the urine flow
POST RENAL
74
Calculi “Stones”
Renal Catalyces Pelvis Bladder Ureter
75
Calcium
75%
76
Calcium with Oxalate
35%
77
Calcium with Phosphate
15%
78
Calcium with others
25%
79
Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate
15%
80
Uric Acid
6%
81
Cystine
2%

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