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Clinical Chemistry LEC > Renal Function > Flashcards

Renal Function Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys are about the size of a _________ and measures around __________

A

fist; 10-12 cm

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2
Q

Specific location of the kidney

A

between T12 to L3 (12th Thoracic vertebrae & 3rd Lumbar vertebrae)

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3
Q

3 Macroscopic Anatomy of the Kidney

A

Renal Cortex
Renal Medulla
Renal Pelvis

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4
Q

it is the outermost layer of the kidney and contains blood vessels connected to nephrons

A

Renal Cortex

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5
Q

it is the innermost layer of the kidney and contains 8-12 renal pyramids, which contain 1 million nephrons

A

Renal Medulla

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6
Q

the central region of the kidney;
location of renal sinuses; and
it is where urine is collected continuing to the ureter

A

Renal Pelvis

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7
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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8
Q

Glomerulus and Convoluted tubules are in the

A

Renal cortex

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9
Q

Cluster of capillaries

A

Glomerulus

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10
Q

A single layer of epithelial cells

A

Bowman’s capsule

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11
Q

Proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal tubule and collecting duct are located in the

A

Renal Medulla

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12
Q

2 types of Nephron

A

Cortical Nephron & Juxtamedullary Nephron

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13
Q

85% ;
SHORT nephron loop;
Glomerulus FURTHER from the cortex-medulla junction;
Supplies PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

A

Cortical Nephron

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14
Q

15%;
LONG nephron loop;
Glomerulus CLOSER from the cortex-medulla junction;
Supplies VASA RECTA

A

Juxtamedullary Nephron

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15
Q

surrounds the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

A

Peritubular capillaries

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16
Q

Function of Peritubular capillaries

A

Absorbance

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17
Q

meshwork of capillary system;
surrounds the Loop of Henle

A

Vasa Recta

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18
Q

Function of Vasa Recta

A

Concentrating or Diluting Urine

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19
Q

6 Function of Kidneys

A

1 Urine Formation
2 Fluid and Electrolyte balance
3 Regulation of acid-base balance
4 Excretion of the waste products of protein metabolism
5 Excretion of drugs and toxins
6 Secretion of hormones

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20
Q

What 4 hormones does the kidney secrete?

A

Renin
Erythropoietin
1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3
Prostaglandins

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21
Q

Which of the 4 hormones help control our blood pressure and indirectly helps maintain level of Na and K?

A

Renin

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22
Q

Which of the 4 hormones stimulate red blood cell production?

A

Erythropoietin

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23
Q

Which of the 4 hormones helps on absorption of Ca (Calcium)?

A

1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3

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24
Q

Which of the 4 hormones regulate renal blood flow?

A

Prostaglandins

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25
Summarized and generalized order for the kidneys to maintain balance
Basic Renal Process
26
Renal Blood Flow per minute
1200-1500 mL per minute
27
15 process of the Renal blood flow path:
Aorta Renal Artery Segmental Artery Interlobar Artery Arcuate Artery Cortical Radiate Artery Afferent Arteriole Glomerulus (Capillaries) Efferent Arteriole Peritubular capillaries (Vasa Recta) Cortical Radiate Vein Arcuate Vein Interlobar vein Renal Vein Interior Vena Cava
28
4 Basic Renal Process
1 Renal Blood Flow 2 Glomerular Filtration 3 Tubular Reabsorption 4 Tubular Secretion
29
Volume of blood filtered per minute
130-150 mL/min
30
Why is the glomerulus the best site for filtration?
- High Pressure due to the presence of 2 arterioles - Semi-permeable - molecular size of less than 66,000 Daltons - Negatively-charged basement membrane - repelling substances carrying negative charges
31
Substances that CAN pass through the glomerulus
Water, Electrolytes, Glucose, Amino acids, Urea, Creatinine
32
Substances that CANNOT pass through the glomerulus
Plasma proteins, Cellular elements, Protein-bound molecules (lipids), Albumin, Bilirubin
33
Happens 90% in the proximal convoluted tubule
Tubular reabsorption
34
Happens when substances from TUBULES to PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES or VASA RECTA and
Tubular reabsorption
35
75% being reabsorb back
Sodium, water and chloride
36
100% being reabsorbed back
Glucose -since you can't find sugar in the urine.
37
4 Movements in reabsorption
Osmosis, Diffusion, Passive and Active Movement
38
Exceeding concentration of substance in the blood in which the kidneys begin to remove it to the urine
Renal Threshold
39
Active transport substances
Glucose, Amino acids, Salts, Chloride, Sodium
40
Passive transport substances
Water, Urea, Sodium
41
What disease is making too much aldosterone and increase of sodium level
Conn syndrome
42
What disease is not producing enough aldosterone?
Addison's Disease
43
Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH), more water being absorbed.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
44
Decreased antidiuretic hormone, decrease water being reabsorbed.
Diabetes Insipidus
45
Movement of substance from Peritubular capillaries to the Tubular Lumen
Tubular secretion
46
2 major functions of Tubular secretion
- Eliminating waste products not filtered by the glomerulus - Regulating the acid-base balance in the body through the secretion of hydrogen ions
47
3 Renal Function Tests:
- Glomerular Filtration Tests (GFTs) - Tubular Reabsorption Tests - Tubular Secretion Tests and Renal Blood Flow Tests
48
Example of a GFT
Clearance Tests
49
Standard test used to measure the filtering capacity of the glomeruli
Clearance Tests
50
Measures the rate at which the kidneys are able to remove a filterable substance from the blood
Clearance Tests
51
8 Examples of the Clearance Tests
- Urea clearance test - Creatinine clearance test - Inulin clearance - Cystatin C - Beta-2-Microglobulin - Beta Trace Protein - Tryptophan glycoconjugate - NGAL (Nitrogen Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin)
52
a type of clearance test that is the gold standard but requires intravenous infusion, is expensive and time consuming
Inulin Clearance
53
a type of clearance test that is available in the body; is an inhibitor of cysteine proteinase; not affected by sex, age and muscle mass; very difficult to measure and is expensive
Cysteine C
54
a type of a clearance test in which when present in urine, it means a sign of kidney failure
Cysteine C
55
a type of clearance test in which protein is expressed by neutrophil
NGAL
56
Immediately rise within 2-6 hours if there is an acute kidney injury
NGAL
57
The first function to be affected when a patient has renal diseases.
Tubular Reabsorption Tests
58
Example of a Tubular Reabsorption test
Concentration Tests
59
Determine the ability of tubules to reabsorb the essential salts and water that have been non-selectively filtered by the glomerulus
Concentration Tests
60
Determine the ability of tubules to reabsorb the essential salts and water that have been non-selectively filtered by the glomerulus
Concentration Tests
61
4 Examples of Concentration Tests
- Osmolality and Osmolarity - Free Water Clearance - Fishberg Test - Mosenthal Test
62
a type of concentration test that measures the concentration of analytes in the urine
Osmolality and Osmolarity
63
a type of concentration test that measures the concentration of analytes in the urine
Osmolality and Osmolarity
64
Number of osmose of solute in KILOGRAMS
Osmolality
65
Number of osmose of solute in LITER
Osmolarity
66
a type of concentration test that measure the amount of solute-free water being excreted in the kidney
Free water clearance
67
a type of concentration test that is 24 hour water deprivation
Fishberg Test
68
a type of concentration test that is day vs night
Mosenthal Test
69
To measure the exact amount of blood flowing through the kidney, it is necessary to use a substance that is completely removed from the blood (Peritubular capillaries) rather than being removed when the blood reaches the glomerulus
Tubular Secretion Test & Renal Blood Flow tests
70
3 Examples of Tubular Secretion tests & Renal Blood Flow Tests
- PAH (p-aminohippuric) test - Titratable Acidity - Urinary Analysis
71
a type of tubular test that is a nontoxic substance; not present in the body so it is being taken orally; loosely bound to plasma protein
PAH test (p-aminohippuric) Test
72
a type of tubular test that measures the amount of acid present in the solution
Titratable Acidity
73
a type of tubular test that is "tubular acidity - titratable acidity"; hydrogen ion present; concentration of ammonia
Urinary Ammonia
74
Waste products of the blood
Urea & Creatine
75
The kidney must have ___________ of nephrons still functioning to survive
20-30%

Clinical Chemistry LEC (4 decks)

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