Renal Function 3

Question 1

Fluid that comes into distal tubule via loop of Henle is?

Answer 1

Dilute

Question 2

What type of hormone is Aldosterone?

Answer 2

Salt conserving​ hormone: regulates the amount of Na+ reabsorbed and K+ excreted

Question 3

What type of hormone is the parathyroid​ hormone:

Answer 3

Calcium conserving hormone that stimulates the uptake of calcium

Question 4

What does the late distal tubule (cortical tubule) regulate?

Answer 4

acid-base balance:

Question 5

In order to keep plasma concentration and ECF composition stable :

Answer 5

Intake - (non-renal losses) = excretion

Question 6

Major ECF cation:

Answer 6

Na+
- salt in ECF is stable

Question 7

concentraion of Na+ is ECF is regulated by?

Answer 7

water balance (osmoregulation via ADH)

Question 8

What determines ECF volume?

Answer 8

amount of NaCl in ECF

Question 9

Regulation of NaCl occurs in response to changes in ?

Answer 9

blood pressure ( long term regulation of BP)

Question 10

What type of hormone is aldosterone?

Answer 10

corticosteroid​ hormone

Question 11

Where is aldosterone secreted from?

Answer 11

Adrenal Cortex (Zona glomerulosa)

Question 12

alodsterone stimuli for secretion:

Answer 12

Angiotensin II and Hyperkalaemia

Question 13

Inhibits aldosterone secretion?

Answer 13

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 14

Aldosterone in the Kidney:

Answer 14

• increases Na channels in apical membrane
• Increase # of Na/K ATPase pumps in basolateral membranes
• Increase K channels in apical membranes

Question 15

The distal tubule deals with what % of filtered volume and what % of filtered load of NaCl?

Answer 15

25% of filtered Volume and 5-10% of filtered load of NaCl

Question 16

Early distal tubule:

Answer 16

• Na and Cl transport without water following
• impermeable to water
• Parathyroid hormone conserves Calcium by stimulating uptake of calcium
• Ca and magnesoum handled here

Question 17

Late distal tubule

Answer 17

• sensative to aldosterone
• site of regulation of acid-base balance

Question 18

acid-base​ balance summary:

Answer 18

• H+ ions secreted into the tubule are buffered by phosphate
• H+ ions regenerate bicarbonate used to buffer excess acid
• distal tubule is able to make and additional buffer: ammonia and if necessary can enable increased acid excretion
• Is the SITe

Question 19

The sympathetic nervous activates when?

Answer 19

pressure is low

Question 20

Renin-angiotensin system is stimulated by

Answer 20

sympathetic system

Question 21

Renin-angiotensin system directly affects:

Answer 21

Kidney
- constrict efferent arterioles (which increase filtartion
- This decreases hydrostatic pressure in glomeruli capillaries which will favor reabsorption of Na+ in proximal tubule

Question 22

Angiotensin is a mahjor stimuli for?

Answer 22

aldosterone secretion ( steroid hormone)
- Takes time to have an effect
- increases reabsorbtion of Na+ in distal tubule

Question 23

Natiruetic system:

Answer 23

hormone produced when heart is stretched
- inhibits aldosterone and Na+ reabsorption

Question 24

What is the physical response when ECF volume ( and Blood pressure) is lowered

Answer 24

vomiting, diarrhea, blood loss

Question 25

What is the response when ECF volume ( an Blood pressure) is lowered

Answer 25

- Sympathetic nervous system activation - Activation of renin angiotensin system, - inhibition of natruteic system

Question 26

sympathetic nervous system activation:

Answer 26

- constricts renal arterioles - increased reabsorption​ of salt in water in tubule - stimulates renin secretion

Question 27

activation of renin-angiotensin system:

Answer 27

- maintains GFR at lower perfusion pressure - increases Na+ resorption from PCT - stimulates aldosterone secretion

Question 28

Effect of angiotensin: low pressure: high pressure:

Answer 28

low pressure: switch on the renal-angio system high pressure: switch of renal angio system, to stop conserving Na and help the natriuretic sytem get rid of extra NA

Question 29

Aldosterone does what during lowering ECF Volume?

Answer 29

- increases Na channels in apical membrane - increases K+ channels in apical membrane - increases number of Na/K ATPase pumps in basolateral membrane

Question 30

Raising ECF volume:

Answer 30

increase amount of NaCl reaching macula densa - adenosine​ switches off renin and aldosterone concentration falls

Question 31

Raising ECF: natriuretic hormones

Answer 31

-atrial natriuretic peptides - endogenous digitalis like factor inhibits Na/P ATPase

Question 32

Where are Natriuretic peptides produced?

Answer 32

atria of heart

Question 33

Natriuretic system does what to GFR and sodium reabsorbtion

Answer 33

increases GFR and reduces NA reabsorption by distal tubule

Question 34

What happens if there is excess atrial natriuretic peptides?

Answer 34

does not cause major problems

Question 35

Development of hypertension over time in cats:

Answer 35

show bp increase with age - goes up fatser with cats with kidney disease

Question 36

ph of ECF?

Answer 36

7.4

Question 37

Is intracellular fluid or basic or acidic?

Answer 37

acidic

Question 38

Why is maintainece of pH essential?

Answer 38

as enzyme reaction and protein conformation is influenced by pH

Question 39

Acid-base regulation in kidney: most important buffering system?

Answer 39

bicarbonate/ CO2 system

Question 40

When faced with excess acid:

Answer 40

- CO2 can be exerted in lungs - kidneys get rid of excess acid and regenerate bicarboante -

Question 41

How is the excess acid excreted in the kidneys?

Answer 41

in urine via phosphate - secretion of ammonia can help excrete acid

Question 42

How is acid- base volume achieved ?

Answer 42

via balance of bicarbonate