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Clin Med GU > Renal Labs > Flashcards

Renal Labs Flashcards

1
Q

What is included within a UA

A

RBCs, nitrites, WBC esterase by dipstick

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2
Q

What is measured with a UA

What type of test is this

A

pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose

Macroscopic

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3
Q

What is looked for in the analysis of urine

What type of test is this

A

casts, crystals, and cells (sediment)

Microscopic

requires a lab

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4
Q

what is required by the patient for a good UA sample

A

Needs to be tested w/n 2 hours
mid-stream CLEAN catch

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5
Q

What is the pathologic cause of cloudy urine

food/drug cause?

A

Pyuria
Lipiduria

Purine-rich foods

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6
Q

What is the pathologic cause for dark yellow urine

Food/drug cause

A

Concentrated urine

Carrots

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7
Q

What is the pathologic cause of orange urine

Food/drug cause?

A

Bile

phenothiazines, pyridium

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8
Q

What is the pathologic cause of red urine

food/drug cause

A

hamturia
hemoglobinuria
myoglobinuria

rifampin, beets, blackberries, rhubarb

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9
Q

What is the pathologic cause of brown urine

food/drug cause

A

Bile
myoglobin

fava beans, flagyl, L-dopa, nitrofuritonin

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10
Q

What is the pathologic cause of green/blue urine

food/drug?

purple bag syndrome

A

Multiple bacteria (indwelling catheter)

amitriptyline, IV cimetidine

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11
Q

What is the marker for the presence of RBC in urine

A

Leukocyte esterase

negative to +3

not an actual number

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12
Q

What test correlates with urine osmolality

what if its high?

What if its low?

A

Specific gravity

AKI, DI, overhydration

SIADH, addisons, dehydration

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13
Q

What will cause the urine to be alkalotic

A

Staghorn, Citrate foods

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14
Q

What is the normal pH of urine

A

5.5 to 6.5

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15
Q

What issue will cause a false positive for blood in urine test

A

Rhabdomyolysis

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16
Q

Is Billirubin present in urine in healthy people?

A

no

but small amounts of Urobilinogen will be present

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17
Q

If Ketones come back high with a dipstick test, what should your next step be

A

getting a serum ketone level

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18
Q

What is the most abundant Ketone with DKA and AKA

A

Beta-Hydroxybutyric acid

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19
Q

What needs to be added to a a dipstick urine sample when looking for albumin

What is a normal albumin excretion level

A

Bromphenol blue

<30

20
Q

What is the screening test of choice for diabetic neuropathy

A

Urine albumin to creatinine ratio

*requires a 24hr collection

21
Q

What is a normal 24 hour urine output amount

A

800-2000mL/day

22
Q

What can renal tubular cells progress to

What are they indicative of

A

oval fat bodies

suggests pathology

23
Q

What are casts

A

Cylindrical structures composed of mucoprotein

24
Q

What are the different types of casts that can be present in urine

A

Hyaline
waxy
RBC/WBC
epithelial
granular
muddy brown
fatty
mixed

25
Q

What type of casts indicate advanced/chronic renal disease

A

waxy/broad cats

26
Q

What causes RBC casts

A

glomerulonephritis

27
Q

What casts will be seen with kidney inflammation or infection

A

WBC casts

28
Q

What type of casts does intense exercise/ dehydration, ESRD cause

A

Granular
*Muddy brown casts

29
Q

What type of casts are pathognomonic for acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

A

Muddy brown casts

30
Q

What is the most common cause of kidney stones

A

Calcium oxalate

31
Q

What is struvite

how are the crystals described

A

magnesium-ammonium-phosphate

coffin lid crystals

32
Q

Which medications can lead to renal crystal formation

A

Acyclovir
Sulfa drugs
Atazanavir
methotrexate

33
Q

What is the most common urine culture medium (sensitivity)

A

blood agar
MacConkey agar

34
Q

What urine test is best for the workup of hypo/hypernatremia, SIADH, and DI

A

osmolality

35
Q

Is a urine Hcg test quantitative or qualitative

A

Qualitative

36
Q

What is the waste product from liver metabolism of protein called

What does this test for

A

Nitrogen

function of renal and liver function

37
Q

What is a normal BUN

A

8-18mg/dL

38
Q

What factors will decrease your BUN

A

low protein diet
malnutrition
severe liver damage

39
Q

What is the best measure of Kidney function and why

A

Creatinine which is a marker for GFR

creatinine is almost completely excreted by the kidneys

40
Q

What is a normal creatinine

A

.6-1.2

41
Q

What are some important factors when creatinine is measured

A

pts. muscle mass needs to be accounted for

small rise at the lower end of the scale can mean a BIG decrease in GFR

42
Q

What causes a decrease in creatinine

A

pregnancy
starvation
wasting disease
corticosteroids
dialysis

43
Q

What is a normal BUN/creatinine ration

A

10:1

44
Q

what is 20:1 BUN/creatinine ratio suggest

A

pre-renal azotemia
-dehydration
-renal hypoperfusion

45
Q

What does BUN/creatinine ratio help determine

A

the casue of AKI or kidney failure

46
Q

What is a noraml eGFR

What is it used for

A

> 90ml/min

used to stage kidney function

47
Q

what eGFR will require dialysis

A

<15

Clin Med GU (11 decks)

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