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Lab T3 > Renal, Lytes, Pancreatic, Misc Assays > Flashcards

Renal, Lytes, Pancreatic, Misc Assays Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

A

Maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What are two functions of the kidneys during negative imbalances?

A
  • Conserves water
  • Conserves electrolytes
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3
Q

What does BUN stand for?

A

Blood urea nitrogen

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4
Q

How is BUN used in evaluating kidney function?

A

Based on the ability of the renal filtration system to remove urea

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5
Q

What condition can cause increased retention of urea?

A

Dehydration (azotemia)

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6
Q

What is the primary renal function test?

A

Creatinine (CREA)

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7
Q

What can cause increased BUN levels aside from renal disease?

A
  • Dehydration
  • High protein diets
  • Strenuous exercise
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8
Q

What is creatinine a by-product of?

A

Metabolic breakdown of creatine in skeletal muscle

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9
Q

What does an increase in serum creatinine indicate?

A

Decreased function of the kidneys

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10
Q

What does specific gravity of 1.010 suggest?

A

A renal cause for evaluation

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11
Q

What is uric acid used for in avian species?

A

Instead of BUN

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12
Q

What is the relationship between SDMA and kidney function?

A

SDMA increases with an average of 40% loss of kidney function

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13
Q

What are the two groups of pancreatic assays?

A
  • Exocrine (acinar)
  • Endocrine
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14
Q

Name three digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine pancreas.

A
  • Trypsin
  • Amylase
  • Lipase
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15
Q

What does insulin regulate?

A

Blood glucose levels

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16
Q

What does a high fructosamine level indicate?

A

Persistent hyperglycemia over 1-2 weeks

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17
Q

What does the glycosylated hemoglobin test reflect?

A

Glucose concentrations over the lifespan of an erythrocyte

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18
Q

What indicates ketoacidosis during urinalysis?

A

Presence of ketones in urine

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19
Q

What does an increase in creatine kinase (CK) indicate?

A

Myopathies, muscle necrosis, or heartworm

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20
Q

Define anion.

A

Negatively charged particle

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21
Q

Define cation.

A

Positively charged particle

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22
Q

List three roles of electrolytes.

A
  • Maintenance of water balance
  • Regulation of osmotic balance
  • Muscle contraction
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23
Q

What is the most common cause of hyponatremia in dogs and cats?

A

Prolonged vomiting and/or diarrhea

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24
Q

What is the main cation of extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium

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25
What is the main cation of intracellular fluid?
Potassium
26
What condition is associated with hypocalcemia?
Eclampsia or milk fever
27
What can hypercalcemia indicate?
Renal disease or neoplasia
28
What does bicarbonate help regulate?
Acid-base balance
29
What is the preferred sample type for potassium testing?
Plasma
30
Fill in the blank: The clinical signs of magnesium deficiency will only be seen in _______.
Cattle and sheep
31
What is the relationship between calcium and phosphorus?
Calcium decreases, phosphorus increases
32
What test challenges the pancreas with a glucose load?
Glucose tolerance test
33
What does a negative serum pancreatic lipase test indicate?
Pancreatitis is highly unlikely
34
What is the role of chloride in the body?
Main anion of extracellular fluid
35
What does an increase in lactic acid indicate?
* Hypoxia * Hypoperfusion
36
What sample is ideal for testing electrolytes?
Serum
37
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
Maintain homeostasis
38
What does BUN stand for?
Blood urea nitrogen
39
What does an increase in BUN levels indicate?
Decreased kidney function
40
What are two non-renal reasons for increased BUN levels?
* Dehydration * High protein diets and strenuous exercise
41
What is creatinine a by-product of?
Metabolic breakdown of creatine in skeletal muscle
42
Which is the number one renal function test?
Creatinine (CREA)
43
What conditions can cause abnormal BUN and creatinine levels?
* Dehydration * Kidney infection * Kidney failure * Toxic injury to the kidneys * Urinary blockage * Shock * Severe heart disease * Muscle wasting or severe weight loss
44
What does a specific gravity of 1.010 suggest?
A renal cause for the evaluation
45
What is used in avian species instead of BUN?
Uric acid
46
What are the two groups of pancreatic assays?
* Exocrine (acinar) * Endocrine
47
What enzymes are produced by the exocrine pancreas?
* Trypsin * Amylase * Lipase
48
What does an increase in glucose levels indicate?
* Epinephrine * Hyperthyroidism * Glucocorticoids * Diabetes mellitus
49
What does fructosamine measure?
Glucose bound to proteins (albumin)
50
What does the glycosylated hemoglobin test reflect?
Glucose concentrations over the lifespan of an erythrocyte
51
What does a positive serum pancreatic lipase (PLI) test indicate?
Pancreatitis is possible, but does not rule out other causes
52
What does an increase in creatine kinase (CK) indicate?
Myopathies, muscle necrosis or heartworm
53
What role do electrolytes play in the body?
* Maintenance of water balance * Regulation of osmotic balance * Conduction of nerve impulses * Muscle contraction * Activators for enzyme reactions * Regulation of acid-base balance
54
What are the main cations in the body?
* Magnesium * Potassium * Sodium * Calcium
55
What is hypercalcemia indicative of?
Renal disease or neoplasia
56
What are the two forms of phosphorus?
* Organic (in RBC) * Inorganic (extracellular)
57
What is hyponatremia?
Decreased sodium
58
What is a common cause of hyponatremia in dogs and cats?
Prolonged vomiting and/or diarrhea
59
What can hyperkalemia result in?
Increased cell excitability (abnormal heart rate and rhythm)
60
What are signs of hypokalemia?
* Weakness * Trembling * Paralysis
61
What is the main cation of extracellular fluid?
Sodium
62
What is the main cation of intracellular fluid?
Potassium
63
What is the clinical significance of bicarbonate?
Associated with acid/base balance

Lab T3 (2 decks)

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