Renal Pathology Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
What are the four main components of the kidney?
A
- Glomeruli
- Tubules
- Interstitium
- Vasculature
2
Q
The ______ is a network of capillaries between the afferent and efferent arterioles.
A
Glomeruli
3
Q
The _____ arteriole brings blood to the capillary bed; whereas, the _______ arteriole drains blood away from the capillary bed.
A
afferent
efferent
a = arrives at capillary bed e = exits from the capillary bed
4
Q
What are the three layers of the capillary wall in the glomeruli?
A
endothelium
basement membrane
epithelium (lining the urinary space)
5
Q
Epithelial cells have many _______ from the cell body that connect to the basement membrane.
A
finger-like projections (podocytes)
6
Q
A membrane, called the _______, connects the adjacent processes and is important in preventing proteinuria.
A
slit diaphragm
7
Q
The capillary wall is permeable to water and small molecules. What is is impermeable to?
A
albumin and larger proteins
8
Q
What are the supporting cells within the capillary bed?
A
mesangial cells (connective tissue)
9
Q
What is the purpose of the tubules of the kidneys?
A
the filtrate from the glomeruli travels through the system of tubules and the tubular epithelium which reabsorbs or secretes particular substance = formation of urine
10
Q
The interstitium is formed by ____ and _____ between the tubules and glomeruli.
A
collagen and blood vessels
11
Q
What is “azotemia?”
A
elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatine (breakdown of skeletal muscle) due to a decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
12
Q
Azotemia PLUS other clinical symptoms (gastroenteritis, peripheral neuropathy, dermatitis, acidosis, pericarditis, hyperkalemia) = _______
A
uremia
13
Q
What are the three major clinical renal syndromes?
A
- Acute Nephritic Syndrome
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Acute Renal Failure
14
Q
Which renal syndrome is characterized by mild/moderate proteinuria, hematuria, and hypertension?
A
Acute Nephritic Syndrome
15
Q
Which renal syndrome is characterized by severe proteinuria? What is “severe?”
A
Nephrotic Syndrome
>3.5 grams per day
**Nephrotic...NAPHROTIC** N a+ decrease (hyponatremia) A lbumin decrease (hypoalbuminemia) P roteinuria >3.5g per day H yperlipidemia R enal vein thrombosis O rbital edema T hromboembolism I nfection (loss of immunoglobulins in urine) C oagulability (loss of ATIII in urine)
16
Q
Severe proteinuria that is characteristic of Nephrotic Syndrome will result in severe ______.
A
Edema
17
Q
True or False: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by severe proteinuria and hyperalbuminemia.
A
False…HYPO-albuminemia (low serum albumin)
18
Q
What are the clinical signs of “acute renal failure?”
A
- acute onset of azotemia (high levels of nitrogen containing compounds)
- Oliguria (reduced urine) or Anuria (no urine)
19
Q
Which is more common: Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease or Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease?
A
Dominant (adult) is more common= 1 in every 500- 1000 people)
Recessive (childhood) is seen in 1 out of every 20,000 live births
20
Q
What is the clinical presentation of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease?
A
MULTIPLE EXPANDING CYSTS in both kidneys
- gradual onset of renal failure (account for 10% of failures)
- Urinary tract hemorrhage (hematuria)
- Pain
- Hypertension
- Urinary Tract Infection
21
Q
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease effects the ______ gene on chromosome ______.
A
PKD1
chromosome 16
22
Q
What is the defective protein in Adult Polycystic? What is the defective protein in Childhood Polycystic?
A
Adult : Polycystin-1
Child: Fibrocystin
23
Q
_____ of patients of Adult Polycystic Disease will have cysts in the _____. Where might they develop saccular aneurysms (30% of the time)?
A
1/3 = in the liver
may develop “berry” aneurysms in the Circle of Willis (30%)
24
Q
With polycystic kidney disease (adult), what is the gross pathology of the kidneys?
A
VERY LARGE… up to 4 kg (normal is ~0.2kg)
-filled with cysts arising from every part of the tubular system
25
When do Adult Polycystic patients begin to notice symptoms?
they begin to get "flank pain" around the 4th decade with hypertension, UTI, and hematuria
26
When does renal failure occur in those patients with Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease?
infancy - several years of age (rare)
27
True or False: In both the dominant and recessive forms of Polycystic Kidney Disease, the cysts can arise from any part of the tubular system.
False:
dominant = all levels of the nephron
recessive = collecting tubules in cortex/medulla
28
Which gene is effected in Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease? Which gene is effected in Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease?
Dominant: PKD1
Recessive: PKHD1
29
True or False: Cysts associated with Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease are all uniform-sized large cysts.
False,
| uniform size, SMALL
30
What are the mechanisms of glomerular injury?
1. Immune Complex deposits in glomerular basement membrane (GBM) or mesangium-- complexes active complements which will cause damage
2. anti-GBM antibody
3. epithelial and endothelial cell injury
31
What are three mechanisms for pathologic evaluation of kidney biopsies?
1. Light Microscope
2. Immunofluorescence
3. Electron Microscopy
32
Which stains are used to detect basement membranes?
PAS
| Methenamine Silver
33
Which stain is used to detect collagen?
Trichrome Stain
34
Which method of evaluation is used to identify immune complexes, epithelial cell changes, basement membrane morphology and other changes?
"changes" is the key word = use electron microscopy
35
What are the patterns of deposition of immune complexes as seen through immunofluorescence microscopy?
1. Circulating Immune Complex Deposition = granular and spotty
2. anti-GBM = linear
**could have a mix of granular and linear = antibody against glomerular antigen**
36
What is the most obvious clinical sign of Nephrotic Syndrome?
```
Severe Edema (from heavy proteinuria)
aka: "anasarca"
```
37
What are the four causes of Nephrotic Syndrome?
* *Know this**
1. Minimal Change Disease (children)
2. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (adults)
3. Membranous Nephropathy
4. Nodular Glomerulosclerosis (diabetes)
38
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?
Minimal Change Disease (accounts for 2/3 of cases)
39
What is the pathology of nephrotic syndrome?
Foot Process Effacement - "busted down" processes diminish the ability to hold epithelium together
- glomerulus appears normal
- no immune complex deposition
40
True or False: Children with Minimal Change Disease show a poor response to treatment with corticosteroids.
False, GOOD response to corticosteroids (especially children)
41
What are the most common cause of adult nephrotic syndrome?
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
| Membranous Nephropathy*** (THE most common)
42
Do adults with Focal Segmental Glomerulsclerosis show a positive response to corticosteroids?
NO! poor response
| -renal failure after 10 years in 50% of patients
43
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis may be ____, _____, or _____.
Primary (idiopathic)
Secondary (to another disease)
Familial (genetic)
44
True or False: The idiopathic form of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis shows heavy deposition of immune complexes.
False, NO IMMUNE COMPLEXES with idiopathic (primary) form
45
Describe the pathology of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis.
```
Focal = only some glomeruli are effected
Segmental = only part of the glomerulus is effected
```
Sclerosis = obliteration of capillary loops and increased mesangial matrix collagen
46
When is Membranous Nephropathy most common?
age 30 to 50
| may effect children, but not as likely as Minimal Change
47
True or False: Membranous Nephropathy has immune complex deposition in the epithelial side of the GBM.
True
Focal Segmental = no immune complexes
Memb. Nephropathy = immune complexes in GBM
48
Do patients with Membranous Nephropathy show a positive response to corticosteroid treatments?
No, about 40% develop renal failure in 2-20 years
| Focal Segmental = 50% in 10 years
(Minimal Change = positive response)
49
In membranous nephropathy, there is a diffuse thicking of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and the presences of ______ (of basement membrane material) intertwined between immunoglobulin _____.
Spikes
| IgG
50
The most common cause of death associated with diabetes mellitis is MI. What is the second most common cause of death for these patients?
Renal Failure
51
True or False: Diabetes Mellitis patients have proteinuria.
True, minimally in the beginning but progresses to severe
52
Which method for evaluating kidney biopsies would be most important for diagnosing Diabetes related Nephrotic syndrome?
LM (light microscopy) **basement membrane**
| -visible nodular glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions)
53
Which method for evaluating Membranous Nephropathy would be most important for diagnosing Nephrotic Syndrome?
IF (immunofluorescence)
| -visible immune complex deposits (IgG)
54
Which method for evaluating Minimal Change Disease would be most important for diagnosing Nephrotic Disease?
EM (electron Microscopy) **PAS stained glomerulus**
| -foot process effacement
55
Which method for evaluating Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis is most important for diagnosing Nephrotic Disease?
LM (light microscopy) **basement membrane**
| -focal and segmental glomerular involvement with obliteration of capillary loops
56
True or False: Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions are diagnostic for diabetes related nephropathy.
True, its only really seen in diabetes. the mesangial CT displaces normal components of the glomeruli
57
_____sclerosis, _____sclerosis, and _____sclerosis will affect patients with diabetes in addition to nephrotic syndrome.
hyaline arterio-
athero-
nephro-
(aka: lots of breakdown and scarring throughout the blood vessels and kidney with nodules of mesangial CT tissue- Kimmelstiel Wilson)
58
Nephritic Syndrome (read carefully-its not nephrotic) is characterized by ACUTE onset of ______, _______, and _______.
hematuria
oliguria & azotemia
hypertension
59
What are two important manifestations of Nephritic Disease (i.e.: symptoms to watch out for)?
- blood passing in the urine with reduced GFR
| - inflammatory cells with proliferation into the glomeruli and injury to capillary walls
60
What are the two CAUSES of nephritic syndrome?
1. Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis
| 2. IgA nephropathy
61
Which infection is likely to cause Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis?
Streptococcal pharyngitis
| other bacterial and viral infections could cause a problem
62
Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis is most common in _____.
children less than 18
| occurs 1 to 4 weeks following infection
63
With Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis, there are pathological findings in all three methods for evaluating biopsies (LM, EM, IF). What are the findings?
LM (basement membrane and collagen)
---proliferation of endothelial cells, INFLAMMATORY cells, possible "cellular crescents".... lots and lots of cells
EM (GBM)
---immune complexes in GBM and mesangium
IF
---GRANULAR immune complex deposition (C3 cross reactive antigens)
64
_____ Nephropathy is a Nephritic Syndrome that affects both children and young adults.
IgA
65
Following a(n) _____ respiratory tract infection, how quickly will patients with IgA nephropathy show hematuria?
upper (URT infection)
| 1-2 days following = hematuria (blood in urine)
66
What is Henoch-Schonlein Purpura?
a cluster of skin, joint, GI, and kidney problems associated with IgA Nephropathy (systemic involvement)
67
What are the signs of IgA Nephropathy as seen on the biopsy report?
LM (membranes and collage) = mesangial cell proliferation and histiocytes
IF and EM (basement membrane) = IgA complexes within the mesangium
68
True or False: IgA does not fix "complement" very well and therefore produces less destruction than other Immunoglobulins.
True
| **IgA acts by sterically hindering the attachment of epithelial cells**
69
In which region does IgA principally deposit in IgA Nephropathy?
mesangial regions
70
What is Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis?
*clinical syndrome, not a specific form of gomerulonephritis*
progressive loss of renal function that could result in death from renal failure (in weeks to months) if left untreated
71
What is the characteristic finding of Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis?
CRESCENTIC nephritis due to proliferation of epithelial cells with infiltration of histiocytes
72
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis could be associated with ______, _______, or _______.
1. Immune Complex Disease (44% of cases)
2. Pauci-Immmune (44% of cases)
3. Anti-GBM antibody disease (12% of cases)
73
What is Pauci-Immune?
systemic vasculitis associated with the lack of anti-GBM or immune complexes that often results in Glomerulonephritis
74
Crescentic nephritis is seen with a ______ stain.
PAS (light microscope)
75
Untreated renal disease will lead to loss of _____ and ______, accompanied by fibrosis.
glomeruli
tubules
****LOSS AND FIBROSIS = end-stage renal disease****
76
True or false: By the time chronic glomerulonephritis is diagnosed, the original renal disease often cannot be identified.
True, because there is too much scar tissue
77
What are the three clinical signs of Chronic Renal Disease that can be detected through routine exams?
1. proteinuria (do they have foamy urine)
2. hypertension
3. azotemia (BUN levels)
78
Why is a trichome stain used to detect Chronic Renal Disease?
trichrome = collagen stain
| Chronic Renal disease = glomeruli are replaced by collagen (scar tissue)
79
What is Acute Pyelonephritis?
a renal disease affecting tubules, interstitium, and pelvis
| --most often secondary to bacterial infection
80
Acute Pyelonephritis infection may spread from the _______ to the _______ and into the _____.
urinary bladder
ureters
renal pelvis and kidney
(ASCENDING)
81
What is another possible route of Acute Pyelonephritis infection (less common than ascending route)?
hematogenous spread of bacteria
82
Patients with Acute Pyelonephritis will experience a sudden onset of pain at the ________, will show systemic evidence of infection, and will have ______.
costovertebral angle
| dysuria = painful urination with frequency and urgency
83
Acute Pyelonephritis will appear pathologically as _____ interstitial and tubular ________ inflammation.
patchy
| neutrophilic
84
What are the predisposing conditions for Acute Pyelonephritis?
- Urinary Tract Obstruction
- instrumentation (gross)
- vesicoureteral reflux (backflow of urine into kidneys)
- pregnancy
- gender and age
- diabetes mellitis
- immunosuppression
85
Chronic bouts of acute inflammation may lead to chronic pyelonephritis which is characterized by ______ inflammatory infiltration and _______.
mononuclear
| irregular scarring
86
Drug-induced interstitial Nephritis could be caused by ____, _____, or other drugs and involves a _____ reaction to the medication.
antibiotics
NSAIDS
hypersensitivity (infiltration of neutrophils & eosinophils)
87
True or False: Drug-induces Interstitial Nephritis involves glomerular inflammation.
False, the glomeruli are not involved (INTERSTITIAL inflammation...its in the name)
88
In addition to interstitial inflammation, Drug-Induced Nephritis may lead to papillary ______.
necrosis (necrosis of the tips of the medullary pyramids)
89
Describe Acute Tubular Necrosis.
- Rapid onset of renal failure
- reduced urine output and electrolyte imbalance
- injury to tubular epithelial cells from ischemia or toxins
- dilation of tubules
- interstitial edema
- necrosis of epithelium
90
True or False: Acute Tubular Necrosis is reversible over a period of days as the damaged tubular epithelium regenerates.
False, this process takes weeks (not days)
91
What are three types of Vascular Disease associated with the kidney?
1. Arterionephrosclerosis
2. Arterionephrosclerosis with malignant hypertension
3. Thrombotic Microangiopathy
92
Pathology of _______ : kidneys are symmetrically atrophic with moderate size reduction and kidney surfaces have a fine granularity and thin cortex.
arterionephrosclerosis
| tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, glomerular sclerosis
93
What type of arteriosclerosis causes narrowing of arteriole/artery lumen in arterionephrosclerosis?
hyaline type
| with fibroelastic hyperplasia of musclar arteries
94
What is malignant hypertension?
hypertension greater than 20/120 mm Hg that occurs in about 5% of patients with essential hypertension
- rapid onset of renal failure due to reduced blood flow and necrosis of glomeruli
- intracranial pressure
- nausea, headache, vomiting, visual impairment
95
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) is an acquired defect in the ________ plasma protease that degrades ____ multimers.
ADAMTS 13
von Willebrand Factor
*remember, vWF activates platelets
96
Hemolytic-uremic Syndrome (HUS) is ________ injury which is commonly due to a _______ from E. coli that activates platelets.
an endothelial cell
| shiga-toxin (shigella)
97
Both TTP and HUS, are disorders that cause ________ formation in capillaries.
microthrombus
| thrombotic microangiopathies
98
Comparing TTP to HUS, which has predominant renal involvement and which is more widespread?
```
HUS = renal (more common in children)
TTP = widespread involvement of other organs
```
99
What is urolithiasis?
Renal Stones
- --result in tract obstruction, ulceration of the lining, and bleeding
- --small stones = migration into ureters = flank pain
- --large stones = remain in pelvis = hematuria (pee blood)
100
Where is the most frequent site for formation of stones?
calyces and pelvis
-could develop in the bladder
101
Large renal stones are referred to as "_______" because they form a cast of the pelvis and calyceal system.
staghorn calculi
102
What are the three types of kidney stones?
1. Calcium
2. Magnesium ammonium phosphate
3. uric acid
103
In ___% of patients, stones are unilateral.
80%
104
Infection with Proteus, will predispose patients to ____ stones.
Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate
| PP --> Proteus &Phosphate
105
Name two tumors associated with the kidneys.
1. Renal Cell Carcinoma
| 2. Wilm's Tumor
106
Renal Cell Carcinoma occurs more often in ______.
Males
| 2 to 1 ratio (Male to Female)
107
The most common histologic subtype of Renal Cell Carcinoma has cells with ______.
very pale or clear cytoplasm (clear cell carcinoma)
108
True or False: Risk factors for Renal Cell Carcinoma include hypertension, smoking, obesity, copper exposure, and von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome.
False,
all are true EXCEPT copper... its cadmium exposure that causes problems (involved in zinc processing and stabilizing of plastics, or pigmentation)
109
What are Wilm's Tumors?
abdominal mass that occurs in children ages 2 to 5 years
- risk is greatly increased with some inherited syndromes
- abortive formation of renal structures in various stages of renal development
