Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GU Exam 1 > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Two primary functions of the kidneys include:

A

● To rid the body of waste
● To control the volume and composition of body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Kidneys are primarily responsible for eliminating these waste products of metabolism:

A

○ Urea (from the metabolism of amino acids)
○ Creatinine (from muscle creatine)
○ Uric acid (from nucleic acids, purines)
○ End products of hemoglobin breakdown (e.g., bilirubin)
○ Metabolites of various hormones
○ Most toxins and other foreign substances (pesticides,
drugs, food additives, etc.) are also eliminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Electrolytes:

A

sodium, chloride,
potassium, calcium, hydrogen,
magnesium, and phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

By regulating ______, the kidneys work with
the lungs to regulate the pH of
blood

A

the concentration of bicarbonate and hydrogen ions in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Kidneys are responsible for up to _____% of gluconeogenesis during fasting

A

40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_____ – deep to the cortex,
houses the loop of Henle and
collecting ducts

A

Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_____ - sit at the end of
renal pyramids and collect formed urine

A

Calyces (minor/major)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T/F the kidney Cannot regenerate new nephrons

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The renal corpuscle is composed of two parts:

A

● Glomerulus - ball of capillaries
○ Afferent arterioles - bring blood into
glomerulus for filtration
○ Efferent arterioles - the remaining blood
exits via these arterioles
○ The arterioles are lined with smooth
muscle - controlled by the sympathetic
nervous system
● Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The ____ is where water and
solutes are exchanged (formation of urine)

A

renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Glomerular filtrate route (follow the urine):

A

● Bowman’s capsule
● Renal tubules
○ Proximal convoluted tubule
○ Loop of Henle
■ Descending limb
■ Ascending limb
○ Distal convoluted tubule
○ Collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The juxtaglomerular complex/apparatus helps regulate:

A

● Blood pressure
● Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
● Located between Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) and afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Three kinds of cells of the juxtaglomerular complex:

A

○ Macula Densa Cells (DCT): Sense decrease Na+ and Cl-
○ Mesangial Cells: Help with signaling between densa/juxta cells
○ Juxtaglomerular Cells (AKA “Granular Cells”)
■ Sense decrease in BP
■ Secrete Renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Renal circulation has two capillary beds:

A
  1. Glomerular capillaries
    ● High hydrostatic pressure → causes rapid
    fluid filtration
  2. Peritubular capillaries
    ● Lower hydrostatic pressure → permits rapid
    fluid reabsorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Surround renal tubules and allow
reabsorption and secretion
between blood and tubules

A

Peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Specialized peritubular capillaries
that surround the Loop of Henle

A

Vasa Recta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Renal blood flow in the small vessels:

A

Efferent arterioles → Peritubular capillaries + Vasa Recta → Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The glomerular capillary membrane is a
_____ charged membrane that has three layers that allows for filtration (due to fenestrations)

A

negatively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

GFR = ______

A

the volume (mL) of fluid that filters into the Bowman’s capsules per unit of
time (min)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In an average, healthy adult, GFR =

A

125 mL/min (180 L/day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Kidney disease = _____ GFR

A

decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Items freely filtered by kidneys: ____

A

Na, K, Cl, bicarb, glucose, urea, amino acids (not large proteins like albumin), insulin, and ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

GFR can be increased or decreased depending on various factors:

A

● Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
● Glomerular oncotic pressure (GOP)
● Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure (BHP)
● Capillary permeability
● Resistance of Afferent or Efferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Three things that can↑↓ Glomerular hydrostatic
pressure:

A

○ ↑or ↓ blood pressure
○ Afferent arteriole resistance
○ Efferent arteriole resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Primary method of physiologic GFR regulation

A

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Increasing GHP increases ____

A

GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Oncotic pressure =

A

osmotic pressure exerted by proteins (AKA – Colloid osmotic pressure)

28
Q

What are starling forces?

A

Hydrostatic and oncotic pressure gradients
that govern passive exchange of water
between interstitium and capillary walls

29
Q

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) = ____

A

sum of hydrostatic and osmotic forces across the glomerular capillaries

30
Q

Bowman’s Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure (BHP)

A

The pressure inside Bowman’s capsule is approximately 18 mmHg

31
Q

Capillary Permeability

A

● ↑ capillary membrane permeability =
↑ GFR

● ↓ capillary membrane permeability =
↓ GFR

32
Q

Vasoconstriction that ↑ afferent resistance will
↓ Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure = ____

A

↓ GFR

33
Q

Vasoconstriction that ↑ efferent resistance will ↑
Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure = ____

A

↑ GFR

34
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) –____

A

Average blood pressure (not glomerular
hydrostatic pressure) between systole and diastole

35
Q

When MAP falls below 80 mmHg it _____

A

triggers baroreceptor reflexes
that increase sympathetic activity
● This response causes contraction of smooth muscle and affects
both the afferent and efferent arterioles
● This will increase MAP and decrease GFR which will decrease urine
output and conserve fluid

36
Q

______ – movement of filtered solutes/H2O from tubules back into capillaries

A

Tubular Reabsorption

37
Q

_____ “second pass” – molecules move from
plasma of the peritubular capillary bed back into the renal tubule filtrate

A

Tubular Secretion

38
Q

Reabsorption is a two-step process occurring via
____ transport

A

passive or active

39
Q

Reabsorption is a two-step process:

A
  1. H2O and dissolved substances from tubule →
    cell/interstitium
  2. From the cells/interstitium, H2O and solutes → capillary walls → blood stream
40
Q

_____ – Transports through the interstitium
via concentration gradients

A

Passive Transport

41
Q

Reabsorption – Na+

A

Reabsorption of Na+
(PCT)
● Active transport – Na+ /K+ Pump
● Co-transport with a.a, glucose, Cl–
● Countertransport with H+

42
Q

Reabsorption of K+ (PCT)

A

● Active transport – Na+ /K+ Pump
● Potassium channels

43
Q

Reabsorption of H2O

A

● 70% in the PCT
● 20% DCT
● 10% CD

44
Q

Reabsorption of Ca++

A

● 99% of filtered Calcium is reabsorbed
○ 70% in the PCT
○ 25% loop of Henle
○ 5% DCT

45
Q

Water can cross the plasma membranes via _____

A

aquaporins (water channels)

46
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

Occurs in the same way reabsorption does,
but in REVERSE
● Passive secretion
● Active transport

47
Q

Secretion of K+

A

● Na+ /K+ Pump
○ DCT and CD

48
Q

Secretion of Ca++

A

● DCT (very limited, <1%)

49
Q

Anatomy of Excretion

A

● Calyx
○ Minor
○ Major
● Renal pelvis
● Ureter – autonomic nervous system, peristaltic action
● Bladder – Detrusor muscle, surrounded by fibrous connective tissue
● Urethra

50
Q

Control of urination is achieved via

A

● Autonomic control (involuntary)
○ Internal urethral sphincter
● Somatic control (voluntary)
○ External urethral sphincter

51
Q

ADH – Antidiuretic Hormone/“Vasopressin”

A

● Secreted from posterior pituitary
○ Stimulates aquaporin placement
■ Aquaporin ↑↑ H2O permeability
■ Conserves H2O by reducing its loss through excretion

52
Q

Conserves H2O by reducing its loss through excretion

A

ADH

53
Q

Hypothalamus measures osmolality and release of ADH:

A

● If osmolality ↑↑→ ADH released → ↑ H2O
reabsorption = ↓ H2O excretion (less urine)
● If osmolality ↓↓ → no ADH → ↓↓ H2O
reabsorption = ↑ H2O excretion (more urine)

54
Q

Aldosterone

A

● Steroid hormone
○ Released from adrenal cortex
○ Works in the distal tubule
Principle regulator
● Reabsorption of Na+ (increase serum Na+)
● Secretion of potassium (decrease serum K+)

55
Q

Principle regulator for reabsorption of Na+ and Secretion of potassium

A

Aldosterone

56
Q

Renin

A

● Enzyme
○ Released from juxtaglomerular cells
○ Converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I
○ Stimulates release of aldosterone and cortisol
● Eventually increases Angiotensin II
○ Increases thirst
○ Increase Na+ in body and release K+

57
Q

Stimulates release of aldosterone and cortisol

A

Renin

58
Q

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)

A

● Enzyme
○ Secreted by the lungs and kidneys
○ Converts Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II
● Indirectly causes increased blood pressure via
○ Vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles
○ Adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
○ Posterior pituitary to release ADH
○ Hypothalamus induces thirst = ↑ fluid intake

59
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

A

● Peptide Hormone
● Primary roles
○ Decreases blood pressure
○ Electrolyte homeostasis

60
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

● Hormone
○ Produced from the parathyroid glands
○ Triggered by ↓ plasma Ca++
● Primary role to increase serum Ca++ levels
○ Increase absorption of Ca++ in the GI tract
■ Via calcitriol
○ Increase reabsorption of Ca++ in the kidneys
■ Loop of Henle and DCT
○ Increase resorption of Ca++ in the bone

61
Q

Primary role to increase serum Ca++ levels

A

PTH

62
Q

Calcitriol

A

○ Active form of Vitamin D3
(1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
○ Produced in the proximal tubule
○ Increases GI absorption of Ca++

63
Q

Increases GI absorption of Ca++

A

Calcitriol

64
Q

Calcitonin

A

○ Released from the thyroid gland in response
to elevated Ca++ levels
○ Role to decrease serum Ca++
■ Decrease calcium reabsorption in the kidney
■ Inhibits osteoclast activity in the bones

65
Q

Role to decrease serum Ca++

A

Calcitonin

GU Exam 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions