Renal Protein Metabolism, Absorption and Excretion

Question 1

4 different cells in the glomerulus

Answer 1

Glomerular endothelial cells
Podocytes
Mesangial cells
Parietal epithelial cells

Question 2

Contraction of mesangial cells can constrict the capillary lumen which results into

Answer 2

Alteration of blood flow into the glomerular tuft influencing glomerular filtration

Question 3

The GEC are lined by

Answer 3

Filamentous glycocalyx

Question 4

T or F: the glomerular capillaries are heavily perforated with transcellular pores and surrounded by smooth muscles

Answer 4

False they are not surrounded by smooth muscles

Question 5

The glomerular capillary pores are also known as

Answer 5

fenestrae

Question 6

What is the function of fenestrae

Answer 6

It makes the glomerular capillaries efficient portals for the rapid passage of high volumes of fluid characteristic of renal filtration

Question 7

These are fibrous lattice of negatively charged glycoproteins

Answer 7

Glycocalyx

Question 8

This is an integral component of the GFB acting as intermediary sieving matrix

Answer 8

GBM

Question 9

Most indispensable component of GBM

Answer 9

Type IV collagens and laminins

Question 10

Defining feature of normal fully differentiated podocytes

Answer 10

Their cytoarchitecture that resembles the stellate body shape of an octopus

Question 11

Neighboring podocytes are physically adjoined thru their FPs via unique intercellular junctions called the

Answer 11

SD

Question 12

Gene that encodes a member of Ig family of cell adhesion molecules that fxns in the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidney

Answer 12

NHS1, Nephrin

Question 13

Function of the slit diaphragm

Answer 13

Ultrafilter to exclude albumin and other plasma molecules in the formation of urine

Question 14

Mutation of NPHS1, Nephrin

Answer 14

Finnish-type congenital nephrosis 1 (severe proteinuria and loss of slit diaphragm and foot processes)

Question 15

Gene that encodes the protein that plays a role in the regulation of glomerular permeability

Answer 15

Podocin

Question 16

Mutations in Podocin results in

Answer 16

Steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome

Question 17

Diagnostic hallmark of a compromised GFB

Answer 17

Proteinuria (more specifically albuminuria

Question 18

Examples of small linear or cyclic peptides

Answer 18

Angiotensin
Kinin
Vasopressin

Question 19

Examples of large polypeptide hormones

Answer 19

Insulin
Glucagon
Atrial natriuretic factor

Question 20

Low mol weight proteins comprise

Answer 20

Hormones
Enzymes
Immunoprotein fragments
Tissue specific antigens

Question 21

T or F: LMWP have specific renal receptors

Answer 21

False, they do not have specific renal receptors except for hormones

Question 22

Most important of the circulating plasma proteins

Answer 22

Intermediate sized protein (albumin)

Question 23

Example of large sized proteins

Answer 23

Fibrinogen and immunoglobulins

Question 24

Longest part of the renal tubule

Answer 24

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 25

Multiligand receptors responsible for the constitutive uptake of a vast variety of filtered plasma proteins

Answer 25

Megalin and cubilin

Question 26

Most prevalent mode by which LMWP and polypeptides are extracted by the kidney is by

Answer 26

1. Filtration 2. Endocytic uptake 3. Hydrolysis 4. Return of the resulting amino acids to the circulation

Question 27

Amino acid transport types are classified according to

Answer 27

Specificity and sodium dependence

Question 28

Transporter for neutral amino acids

Answer 28

B0AT1

Question 29

Transporters for hlycine and proline

Answer 29

PAT2 and IMINO

Question 30

Glutamate transporter

Answer 30

EAAT3

Question 31

Normal urinary protein excretion

Answer 31

<150mg/24 hour

Question 32

Normal albumin excretion

Answer 32

<30mg

Question 33

Major urinary protein

Answer 33

Tamm Horsfall protein

Question 34

Where is the Tamm horsfall located

Answer 34

Luminal face of the thick ascending limb of Henle and early distal convoluted tubules of nephron

Question 35

Functions of TH protein

Answer 35

It takes part in the water impermeability of TAL | Plays a protective role towards pyelonephritogenic pathogens such as E.coli

Question 36

Most abundant protein in urine of healthy individuals

Answer 36

THP

Question 37

Stones may form d/t defective urinary THP d/t lack of

Answer 37

Sialic acid

Question 38

types of protein detected by UPEP

Answer 38

Albumin | Globulins

Question 39

UPEP test is done to

Answer 39

Help determine the cause of protein in the urine | As a screening test to measure the various amts of proteins in the urine

Question 40

LMWP and a member of the lipocalin protein superfamily

Answer 40

Alpha 1 microglobulin

Question 41

An increase in the urinary concentration of alpha 1 microgobulin indicates

Answer 41

Proximal tubule injury and/or impaired proximal tubular function

Question 42

Gold standard in the measurement of alpha 1microglobulin

Answer 42

24-hour urine collection

Question 43

Alpha 2 microglobulin is synthesized locally by

Answer 43

Macrophages, fibroblasts and adrenocortical cells

Question 44

group of globular proteins in plasma that are more mobile in alkaline or electrically charged solutions than gamma globulins but less mobile than alpha globulins

Answer 44

Beta globulins

Question 45

protein found on the surface of nucleated cells and functions as part of the human immune system.

Answer 45

Beta 2 microglobulin

Question 46

Reference range of beta 2 microglobulin in urine

Answer 46

0-0.3ug/mL

Question 47

These are monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains found in urine (and plasma) of some patients with myeloma or other lymphoid malignancies

Answer 47

Bence Jones Proteins

Question 48

The glomerular filtration barrier is a dynamic and highly selective filter that sieves on the basis of

Answer 48

Molecular size | Electrical charge

Question 49

The function of the kidney, filtering blood and concentrating metabolic waste into urine, takes place in an intricate and functionally elegant structure called the

Answer 49

Renal glomerulus