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physiology > RENAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

RENAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal Total Body Water percentage in the average person (70 kg)?

A

50-70% of body weight

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2
Q

what are “Starling forces”?

A

the forces that drive the exchange of fluid through the capillary walls

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3
Q

does Intracellular fluid contain more or less phosphate ions than Extracellular fluid?

A

more

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4
Q

what term is used to describe the number of dissolved particles in a solution?

A

Osmolarity

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5
Q

which ions contribute to 80% of osmolarity in ECF?

A

sodium and chlorine ions

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6
Q

give 2 examples of isotonic solutions that are of importance in the medical scene?

A
  1. 0.9% saline solution

2. 5% glucose solution [dextrose]

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7
Q

Is a saline solution greater than 0.9% considered to be hypertonic or hypotonic?

A

hypertonic

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8
Q

what condition can occur due to the prevention of lymphatics from returning fluid from interstitial spaces back to the circulation?

A

Oedema

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9
Q

give 3 major functions of kidneys

A
  1. remove metabolic wastes
  2. aid in the control of blood pressure by maintaining salt and water balance in the body.
  3. Maintains pH in the body
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10
Q

where are the kidneys located in the body?

A

retroperitoneally at the level of the lower ribs

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11
Q

what is the outer and inner layers of the kidneys respectively?

A 
inner= renal medulla
outer= renal cortex
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12
Q

what is the basic functional unit of the kidneys?

A

the nephron

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13
Q

what are the two components of the nephron?

A
  1. vascular component

2. tubular component

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14
Q

what are the 6 cell types found in nephrons?

A
  1. parietal layer of glomerulus [Bowman’s Capsule]
  2. visceral layer of glomerulus [Bowman’s capsule]
  3. Proximal convoluted tubule cells
  4. Distal convoluted tubule cells
  5. thin segment cells [nephron loop cells]
  6. collecting duct cells
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15
Q

what is the intersection of the Macula Densa cells of distal tubule , afferent and efferent arterioles and JG cells called?

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

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16
Q

what do the JG cells do?

A

secrete Renin into the afferent arterioles

17
Q

what is the difference between afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

afferent: bring blood to the glomerular
efferent: take blood away from the glomerular

18
Q

what are the 3 types of capillary beds found in kidneys?

A
  1. glomerular
  2. peritubal
  3. vasa recta
19
Q

what are the 3 processes by which urine is formed?

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. reabsorption
  3. secretion
20
Q

what is the osmolarity of extracellular fluid?

A

300 mOsm/l

21
Q

what is the difference between obligatory and facultative reabsorption?

A

Obligatory= reabsorption of water in the tubules regardless of the state of hydration of the body.

Facultative= final reabsorption of water dependent on the body’s state of hydration.

22
Q

what condition results from the inactivity or the absence of ADH?

A

Diabetes Insipidus

23
Q

what are the 2 basic requirements for the formation of concentrated urine?

A
  1. high levels of ADH
  2. high osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid in order to create an osmotic gradient for water to flow into the collecting ducts.
24
Q

to which parts of the nephron are we referring to using the terms “counter multiplier” and “counter exchange” ,and what are the functions of these parts?

A

Counter multiplier= Loops of Henle= increases osmolarity gradients in interstitial fluid

Counter exchange= Vasa Recta= maintains the osmolarity gradient

25
Q

where are thirst centers located?

A

hypothalamus

26
Q

what are the waste products from the kidney collectively referred to as?

A

BUN= blood urea nitrogen

27
Q

what is the term used to describe an elevated BUN?

A

azotemia

28
Q

what are the 2 forces that oppose Glomerular Filtration?

A
  1. Osmotic pressure from proteins

2. Fluid Pressure in Bowmans Space

29
Q

what substance mediates Tubuloglomerular feedback?

A

chloride

30
Q

what is the total amount of substance that appears in the glomerular filtrate each minute?

A

tubular load

31
Q

how does the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide hormone decrease blood pressure?

A
  1. promotes vasodilation
  2. causes increase in GFR
  3. less sodium is reabsorbed at distal tubule
  4. leads to natriuresis
  5. increased volume of sodium in urine, less blood volume
32
Q

what is the difference between Alkalosis and Acidosis?

A 
Alkalosis= excess removal of hydrogen atoms
Acidosis = excess addition of hydrogen atoms to body fluids
33
Q

what are the 3 primary ways in which Hydrogen concentration can be regulated in the body?

A
  1. Respiratory Centers
  2. Buffers
  3. Kidney Filtration= kidneys release more acidic or more basic urine
34
Q

name 2 principal buffer systems in the blood?

A

phosphate buffer, bicarbonate/ carbonate ion buffer, hemoglobin erythrocyte buffer

35
Q

which of the buffer systems is of special importance in the ECF?

A

bicarbonate buffer

36
Q

what is renal compensation?

A

mechanism by which the kidneys can regulate the plasma pH

physiology (3 decks)

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