Renal System

Question 1

What are the 4 major components of the renal system?

Answer 1

Kidney, Ureter, Bladder and Urethra.

Question 2

What are the components of kidney structure?

Answer 2

Kidney cortex and renal medulla.

Question 3

What are the functional units of kidneys?

Answer 3

Nephrons

Question 4

How are nephrons categorised?

Answer 4

Into Renal Corpuscle (filtration) and Renal Tuble (reabsorption and secretion).

Question 5

what are 80-85% of all nephrons called?

Answer 5

cortical nephrons

Question 6

what are juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 6

long nephron loops surrounded by recta or straight vessels.

Question 7

How is the renal corpuscle structured?

Answer 7

Glomerulus and Glomerular capsule or Bowman’s capsule.

Question 8

What is the glomerulus capillary network?

Answer 8

Fenestrated capillaries; received blood from afferent arteriole.

Question 9

What are Glomerular Capsules?

Answer 9

The inner visceral layer consisting of specialised cells called podocytes that cover the fenestrated capillaries.

Question 10

Of the renal tube, how many main sections are there and what are they called?

Answer 10

There are 3. Proximal, Nephron and Distal.

Question 11

What tubule has the greatest reabsorption capacity?

Answer 11

Proximal tubule

Question 12

What do proximal tubule feature?

Answer 12

They have microvilli to increase surface area

Question 13

How much of glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed here?

Answer 13

100%

Question 14

What are thin ascending limb juxtamedullary nephrons constructed from?

Answer 14

Simple squamous cells

Question 15

What are thick ascending limbs constructed from?

Answer 15

cuboidal or low columnar epithelium

Question 16

What are the factors that drive net filtration?

Answer 16

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure

Question 17

What arteriole has a smaller diameter?

Answer 17

Efferent arteriole

Question 18

What does glomerular hydrostatic pressure do to fluid in capillaries?

Answer 18

Forces fluid out of glomerular capillaries.

Question 19

What is GFR?

Answer 19

Glomerular filtration rate. How much blood our kidneys filter in total per minute.

Question 20

What is the normal rate of GFR?

Answer 20

125ml per minute

Question 21

What would be an end stage of renal failure GFR?

Answer 21

15ml or less.

Question 22

How can we regulate GFR?

Answer 22

Renal autoregulation, neural and hormonal regulation.

Question 23

What is Renal Autoregulation?

Answer 23

Regulates the blood entering the glomerulus

Question 24

In relation to renal autoregulation, what are myogenic mechanisms.

Answer 24

They use the changes of vascular tone (constriction or contraction of vessels) to maintain desired blood flow.

Question 25

In relation to renal autoregulation, what is tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?

Answer 25

Uses alterations of the vasodilator nitric oxide

Question 26

What receptors are present in the smooth muscle of afferent and efferent vessels?

Answer 26

Alpha 1

Question 27

What does norepinephrine do to arteriole vessels?

Answer 27

Vasoconstrict

Question 28

How can GFR be modulated (hormones)

Answer 28

ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide and Angiotensin II

Question 29

What hormone will decrease GFR (glomerular filtration rate) ?

Answer 29

Angiotensin II

Question 30

What hormone will increase GFR (glomerular filtration rate)?

Answer 30

ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 31

What are the three different types of transporters in the renal tubule?

Answer 31

Active, Co-transport and antiporters.

Question 32

What are the similarities and differences between co-transport and antiporter transport?

Answer 32

They both move 2 or more solutes in a certain direction of the renal tubule. However, they differ in that co-transport moves in the same direction and antiporter transport moves in opposite directions.

Question 33

In the nephron loop of the loop of henle, where does osmolality increase?

Answer 33

The descending limb

Question 34

In the nephron loop, where does osmolality decrease or reduce?

Answer 34

The ascending limb

Question 35

In the distal tubule, what do principle cells reabsorb?

Answer 35

Na+ and K+

Question 36

In the distal tubule, what do intercalated cells reabsorb and/or secrete.

Answer 36

Secretes H+ -- Reabsorbs or Secretes HCO3 ions.

Question 37

What division of the renal tubule achieves the most secretion?

Answer 37

The proximal tubule