Renal system

Question 1

cortex

Answer 1

lighter outer layer just inside the renal capsule, uniform granular appearance

Question 2

medulla

Answer 2

reddish brown inner layer, cone-shaped pyramids, striped appearance

Question 3

Specific Gravity

Answer 3

refers to the concentration of urine

Question 4

Tubular Secretion

Answer 4

“fine tuning” process of urine formation

Question 5

Tubular Secretion

Answer 5

occurs when fluid & electrolytes leave blood & enter tubules

Question 6

Distal Convoluted Tubule & Collecting Ducts

Answer 6

type of tubule where smaller amounts of water & electrolytes are reabsorbed

Question 7

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Answer 7

type of tubule where majority of fluid, electrolytes & glucose are reabsorbed

Question 8

Glomerular Filtration

Answer 8

first step of urine formation

Question 9

Urethra

Answer 9

how urine exits the body- experiences obstruction problems in men & infections in women

Question 10

Bladder

Answer 10

stores urine

Question 11

Ureters

Answer 11

transport urine to bladder

Question 12

Function of the kidneys

Answer 12

• excretion of wastes
• fluid balance
• acid-base balance
• electrolyte balance
• activation of vitamin D
• hormone secretion (renin, erythropoietin)

Question 13

nephron

Answer 13

• functional unit of the kidney
• produce urine
• 85% of nephrons are cortical
• 15% are juxtamedullary nephrons
• long tubules, single layers of epithelial cells

Question 14

anatomy of nephron

Answer 14

• glomerular capsule
• proximal convoluted tubule
• loop of henle
• distal convoluted tubule
• collecting duct

Question 15

Is the bladder controlled by sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves?

Answer 15

parasympathetic

Question 16

What is the functional unit of the kidney? In general, what does it do? In general, what does it consist of?

Answer 16

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. They are responsible for the formation of urine. It consists of small tubes and associated small blood vessels

Question 17

What are glomeruli?

Answer 17

They are the mass of capillaries inside glomerular capsule that gives rise to filtrate that enters nephron tubule

Question 18

Where is the glomerular (or Bowman’s) capsule located, and what occurs there?

Answer 18

This is where glomerular filtration occurs. The filtrate is then passes into the proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 19

All the following are function of the kidney except:
A) regulating the volume of blood plasma
B) regulating the concentration of waste products in the blood
C) regulating the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins
D) regulating the concentration of ions in the plasma

Answer 19

C) regulating the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins

Question 20

The kidneys are located at the:
A) posterior abdominal wall
B) ventral thoracic wall
C) thoracic wall
D) ventral abdominal wall

Answer 20

A) posterior abdominal wall

Question 21

The two major regions of the kidney are the:
A) major and minor calyx
B) renal and nephritic pyramids
C) medulla and cortex
D) jejunum and ileum

Answer 21

C) medulla and cortex

Question 22

Urine flows to the urinary bladder from the kidney by means of the:
A) urethra
B) proximal tubule
C) peritubular capillary
D) ureter

Answer 22

D) ureter

Question 23

The kidney structure in which urine is formed is known as the:
A) calyx
B) nephron
C) neuron
D) nephridium

Answer 23

B) nephron

Question 24

The fluid that enters the glomerulus is:
A) serum
B) blood
C) sea water
D) fresh water

Answer 24

B) blood

Question 25

The structures leading away from the glomerular capsule include the: A) renal artery and renal vein B) peritubular capillary C) proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle D) glomerulus

Answer 25

C) proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle

Question 26

The driving force that pushes fluid from the blood into the glomerular capsule is exerted: A) by the heart providing blood pressure B) by the muscles lining the abdominal cavity C) by the urinary bladder emptying D) by the urethra draining away urine

Answer 26

A) by the heart providing blood pressure

Question 27

The loop of Henle exists between the: A) renal artery and renal vein B) peritubular capillary and collecting duct C) proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule D) glomerulus and peritubular capillary

Answer 27

C) proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule

Question 28

In the process of tubular excretion, materials move from: A) the peritubular capillary to the proximal convoluted tubule B) the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule C) the glomerular capsule to the glomerulus D) the peritubular capillary to the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 28

D) the peritubular capillary to the distal convoluted tubule

Question 29

Which of the following describes the flow of urine through the kidney? A) glomerular capsule to renal vein to collecting duct B) distal convoluted tubule to collecting duct to renal pelvis C) collecting duct to glomerulus to peritubular capillary D) renal artery to peritubular capillary to renal vein

Answer 29

B) distal convoluted tubule to collecting duct to renal pelvis

Question 30

``` The urinary bladder has openings to the: A) nephron and kidney B) urethra and ureters C) urinary meatus and glomerulus D) renal vein and loop of Henle ```

Answer 30

B) urethra and ureters

Question 31

``` The flow of urine in the ureters is assisted by the actions of: A) blood pressure arising from the heart B) emptying of the bladder C) peristalsis in muscles of the ureter D) movement of the diaphragm muscle ```

Answer 31

C) peristalsis in muscles of the ureter

Question 32

``` The term micturition refers to: A) the process of urine formation B) a disease of the kidney C) the process of urine expulsion D) activities taking place in the renal calyx ```

Answer 32

C) the process of urine expulsion

Question 33

``` All the following are considered accessory organs of excretion except: A) the pancreas B) the lungs C) the skin D) the intestines ```

Answer 33

A) the pancreas

Question 34

what surrounds each kidney?

Answer 34

a fibrous capsule,a perirenal fat capsule and renal fascia

Question 35

Which hormones does it secrete

Answer 35

Renin | Erythropoietin

Question 36

Microscopic anatomy (nephron)

Answer 36

Produce urine Long tubules Single layer of epithelial cells

Question 37

Blood supply

Answer 37

``` Capillary beds Afferent arterioles (Bowman capsule) Renal venule (joint capillaries) Efferent arteriole (glomerulus) ```

Question 38

Urinary bladder

Answer 38

``` Smooth muscle (detruser muscle) Transitional epithelium Trigone Ureters enters at back Stores urine Micturition or urination ```

Question 39

Urethra

Answer 39

Urethra leaves bladder inferior Internal urethral sphincter is involuntary External urethral sphincter is voluntary Lines with mucous membrane F - behind pubic symphysis and anterior to vagina M - Through prostate to base of penis

Question 40

Ureters

Answer 40

``` Two symmectrical tubes From outlet of renal pelvis to bladder Collect urine from kidneys Transport urine to bladder Smooth muscle layer (peristalsis) Retroperitoneal Enters pelvic brim ```

Question 41

Bladder capacity

Answer 41

``` Feeling(150-300ml) Feeling full (250-300ml) Uncomfortable full(500ml) Micturation reflex(L2) Parasympathatic nerves Sympathatic nerves ```

Question 42

Micturition

Answer 42

When 300ml smooth wall stretches. Storage reflex is initiated by parasympathatic nerves Micturition reflex is initiated as bladder gets fuller, message sent to pons Internal urethral sphinctor relaxes as detrusor muscle contracts External sphinctor also relaxed Urine is voided (passed)

Question 43

what holds the kidneys in position?

Answer 43

the perirenal fat capsule

Question 44

internal gross anatomy of the kidney

Answer 44

a kidney has a superficial cortex, a deeper medulla consisting mainly of medullary pyramids, and a medial pelvis. Extensions of the pelvis (calyces) surround and collect urine draining from the apices of the medullary pyramids

Question 45

where are nephrons located?

Answer 45

the cortex-medulla junction

Question 46

collecting ducts

Answer 46

recieve urine from many nephrons and help concentrate urine. they form the medullary pyramids.