renal system notes set 1

Question 1

what are the two functions of the kidney

Answer 1

homeostasis and excretion

Question 2

4 aspects of homeostasis

Answer 2

1. regulate blood pressure and volume by adjusting water volume lost in urine and releasing renin and eyrothroprotein
   2.regulate plasma in ion concentrations via calcium ion levels and sodium potassium ion levels
   3.helps stabilise blood ph by controlling loss pf hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine
   4.conserving valuable nutrients

Question 3

2 aspects of excretion

Answer 3

foreign molecules and metabolic waste

Question 4

3 layers that protect the kidney

Answer 4

renal capsule , adipose capsule, renal fascia

Question 5

role of renal capsule

Answer 5

to prevent kidney infections, a layer of collagen fibres and covers outer surface of entire organ

Question 6

role of adipose capsule

Answer 6

a thick layer of adipose tissue ,surrounds Renal capsule, has a fatty mass cushion as protection and helps it attach to body wall

Question 7

role of renal fascia

Answer 7

a dense fibrous puter layer anchors kidneys to surrounding structure

Question 8

what are the kidneys

Answer 8

an organ that excretes urine

Question 9

3 things that help eliminate urine

Answer 9

ureters urinary bladder and urethra

Question 10

2 aspects of the male urethra

Answer 10

20cm long has a prostatic urethra that passes through the centre of the prostate gland
2.has a membranous urethra that is a short segment and is spongy exits via external urethra

Question 11

female urethra

Answer 11

very short, extends from bladder to external eruthral orifice which is near anterior wall of vagina

Question 12

steps of micturition reflex

Answer 12

as the bladder fills with urine it alerts the stretch receptors that stimulate the pelvic nerve and this stimulus travels until it stimulates the ganglion neurone in wall of bladder.
this stimulates detruscor muscle contraction this relays sensation from the inter neuron to thalamus which delivers sensation to cerebral cortex voluntary relaxation of sphincters

Question 13

micturition response in regards to infants

Answer 13

do not have voluntary control
cortocospinal connections are not developed.

Question 14

3 micturition reflex problems

Answer 14

sphincter muscle looses tone
control can be lost due to a stroke alzhimiers etc
in males enlarged prostate gland compresses urethra restricts flow

Question 15

what type of cell in proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 15

simple cuboidal epithelial cells

Question 16

what type of cell in nephron loop

Answer 16

simple squamous epithelial cell

Question 17

what cell type distal convoluted tubule

Answer 17

simple cuboidal epithelial

Question 18

cell type of last part of tubule plus collecting duct

Answer 18

simple cuboidal epithelial

Question 19

what percent does kidney receive of cardiac output

Answer 19

20- 25 %

Question 20

how much blood flow through the kidney every minute

Answer 20

1200ml

Question 21

what does the nephron consist of

Answer 21

renal tubule and renal corpuscle,
it has microscopic tubular structure in cortex of each renal lobe
it is where urine production begins

Question 22

what is a renal tubule

Answer 22

consists of long tubular passageway ,begins at renal corpuscle, which consists of Bowmans capsule and glomeralus

Question 23

what does blood enter and leave the nephron by

Answer 23

enters via the afferent arteriole leaves via efferent arteriole