Report 2 Flashcards by Desiree Kaye Viña

Describes the variety of species
in an ecosystem and the
essential interdependence of all
life forms

biodiversity

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The number of species in an area

species richness

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Species richness tends to be higher
near the equator

tropical rainforests have the highest
biodiversity

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three types of biodiversity

diversity of species
diversity of ecosystem
diversity of genes

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Defined as the number of different species
present in a place and relative abundance of
each of those species

diversity of species

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Defined as the variety of different habitats,
communities and ecological processes

diversity of ecosystem

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Describes the total number of different alleles
found within a species

diversity of genes

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importance of biodiversity

biodiversity protects against climate
biodiversity ensures food security
biodiversity fights disease
biodiversity supports communities

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Ecosystems rely on all parts from the smallest
bacteria to the largest vertebrate. Everything is
interconnected. Some produce oxygen that others
breathe. Some provide food for bigger species
which in turn become prey for bigger species.
Every living organism has a role to play in
maintaining the balance. When you remove one
element you change the balance and can ultimately
lose far more than that one species.

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the complete
disappearance of a species from
Earth

extinction

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The natural process of organisms
dying off and naturally occurs at
a slow rate (usually after a
catastrophic event)

extinction

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happens if an
environmental change occurs
faster than animals and plants
can adapt to it

extinction

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a short period of
geological time in which a high
percentage of biodiversity, or distinct
species—bacteria, fungi, plants,
mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians,
fish, invertebrates—dies out

mass extinction

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5 mass extinction in history

ORDOVICIAN -
SILURIAN PERIOD
(443 MYA) 85%

DEVONIAN PERIOD
(374 MYA) 70%

PERMIAN -
TRIASSIC PERIOD
(250 MYA) 95%

TRIASSIC - JURASSIC PERIOD
(200 MYA) 76%

CRETACEOUS -
PALEOGENE
PERIOD
(66 MYA)
80%

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FACTORS THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE
TO MASS EXTINCTION

01 Changes in sea levels
02 Continental movement
03 Geologic events like volcanic eruption
04 Global warming and cooling
05 Meteor impact

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Refers to the rate at which species are disappearing or
becoming extinct from the Earth.

extinction rate

It is typically
measured as the number of species that go extinct over
a specific period of time

extinctions per million species per year (E/MSY)

SPECIES AT RISK
CLASSIFICATIONS:

-extirpated
- endangered
- threatened

The species is extinct from an ecosystem,
but exist elsewhere.

extirpated

Species is facing extinction/extirpation

endangered

Species is at risk of being endangered if factors
are not changed

threatened

Over 98% of the species that have ever
existed are extinct

begum 2021

Today, 93 (36%) endemic species are
threatened with extinction in the Philippine
Archipelago

birdlife international 2021

Some___ of
the genetic
diversity of
crop plants
been lost in
the past
century

75%

Some scientists estimate that as many as 3 species per hour are going to extinct and _______ extinctions occur each year.

20,000

Roughly __________ of the world’s coral reef systems have been destroyed or highly degraded

1/3

About ____ of mammals and ____ of bird species are currently considered to be globally threatened

24% 12%

More than ____ of the world’s wetlands have been drained, and populations of inland water and wetland species have declined by 50% between 1970 and 1999

50%

NINE OF THE BEST-KNOWN ENDANGERED SPECIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

- philippine eagle - tamaraw - philippine crocodile - walden's hornbill - net coral - visayan warty pig - tarsier - philippine forest turtle - negros bleeding heart

“PEARL OF THE ORIENT SEA, DESCENDING FROM GLORY: THE DECLINING PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY”

biance ferrer 2023

_______ plant and animal species can be found in the archipelago; ______ key biodiversity areas (KBAs)

53,000; 228

The philippines has lost ______ of its original forest cover sinces 1900s; ______ hectares of forest cover are lost annually due to logging, slash-and-burn cultivation

93%; 47,000

The severity of biodiversity loss is further emphasized by the alarming number of threatened species: The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) has identified

700 threatened plant and animal species 984 plant species "critically endangered, endangered, and threatened" in 2013

natural causes of extinction

Natural disasters Competition Disease Climate change

ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES:

Pollution Overexploitation Habitat Destruction and Fragmentation Invasive Species Habitat Degradation Illegal Wildlife Trade Overharvesting of Resources Agricultural Practices

CONSERVATION TO MITIGATE EXTINCTION

1. Legislation and regulation 2. Education and awareness 3. Monitoring and research 4. Breeding and reintroduction programs 5. Legally binding agreements