repr0duct1ve t0x1c1ty Flashcards
(14 cards)
list some toxic effects on the reproductive system
delayed growth
functional disorders
structural defects
fertility disorders
what is teratogenesis?
development if structural or functional abnormalities of the foetus
what effect does thalidomide have on a foetus?
interfering with growth factors, formation of blood vessels via epoxide metabolites
when is the sensitive period for CNS development?
weeks 32 to 38
when is the sensitive period for limb development?
weeks 6 to 8
what are the effects of isotretinoin during pregnancy?
large misshapen head, cleft palate, malformed ears, malformations of heart and brain, spontaneous abortions
which anti-epileptic has the highest risk of congenital malformations
valproate
what antiepileptics can reduce the efficacy of hormonal contraceptives?
phenytoin
primidone
phenobarbital
carbemazepine
how does cytotoxicity effect teratogenesis?
malformations
delayed growth
embryolethality depending on severity of cell death
how does mutation effect teratogenesis?
by allowing mutations to develop in germ cells or somatic cells
what is receptor mediated teratogenicity?
relates to well defined malformations caused by specific substances, such as cleft palates caused by glucocorticoids
what are chromosome aberrations?
an alteration of chromosomes either in structure or number which may cause malformations, such as down syndrome
what are some metabolic interferences that lead to teratogenesis?
lack of essential substrate (eg folic acid)
deficiency in energy supply (caused by fluoroacetate, chloramphenicol, eg)
enzyme inhibition (eg 6-aminonicotinamide inhibits pentose phosphate pathway to produce NADPH)
what are some substances that may cause infertility in men?
corticosteroids
methotrexate
busulfan
cyclophosphamide
