representations and textual knowledge

Question 1

Audience

Answer 1

this is defined by values and interests, demographic factors such as age, gender, education, social class, occupation and national origin

Question 2

purpose

Answer 2

some texts are exclusively informational while others entirely social, they often intersect having elements of one or both.

Question 3

genre

Answer 3

Texts are grouped by their types, often belonging to more than one. For example, narrative.

Question 4

Mode

Answer 4

This refers to whether a text is spoken or written, with ordinary conversation -> formal documents.

Question 5

Tone/level/formality

Answer 5

texts are often placed somewhere on a scale of formal-> informal, Martin Joos distinguished five levels of formality. Framework was designed to apply to spoken English but can be relevant to written English as well.

Question 6

Joos formality levels

Answer 6

Frozen, formal, consultative, casual and intimate

Question 7

Frozen formality level

Answer 7

characterised by the use of set phrases in ceremonial, ritual or conversational situations. this is the most formal level, occurring in formal settings such as weddings. it doesn’t allow interaction.

Question 8

Formal formality level

Answer 8

usually used by a speaker addressing an audience, in work places or education. there is usually no interaction between the speaker and audience, following grammatical conventions and uses standard english.

Question 9

Consultative formality level

Answer 9

used between people who aren’t acquaintances/friends, such as between teachers and students. although still professional, it is a conversation occurring between two people who aren’t familiar with one another.

Question 10

casual formality level

Answer 10

this occurs in an informal setting, between two people who know each-other well. it can include slang and less professional english. it also uses colloquial terms.

Question 11

intimate formality level

Answer 11

this is used in an informal setting, between friends or lovers or family. it is usually very simple, depending on the environment, and isn’t to be used in more professional nor academic environments.

Question 12

register

Answer 12

this refers to the degree of formality of language (the language shared between groups of people with similar interests).

Question 13

key attitudes

Answer 13

theoretical perspectives who have researched into language