Repro 1

Question 1

these are clusters of neuronal bodies in hypothalamus, each has specific function

Answer 1

hypothalamic nuclei

Question 2

GnRH is released by the _____ and ________, causing a release of gonadotropins from pituitary

Answer 2

surge centre and tonic centre (hypothalamus)

Question 3

_______ consists of adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) and nuerohypophysis (posterior lobe)

Answer 3

pituitary gland or hypophysis

Question 4

the surge centre and tonic centre (parts of hypothalamus) communicate with the adenophypophysis (part of pituitary) via the

Answer 4

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system (HHPS)

Question 5

GnRH released from the hypothalamus ends up in which part of the pituitary

Answer 5

adenohypophysis (via the HHPS, so don’t get diluted by general circulation)

Question 6

neurons in PVN and supraoptic nuclei synthesize this hormone which initiaties contractions for parturition and milk secretion

Answer 6

oxytocin

Question 7

the hypothalamus synthesizes what hormone

Answer 7

GnRH, gonadotropin releasing hormone

Question 8

oxytocin has what 2 functions (for repro)

Answer 8

initiates contractions for parturition and milk secretion

Question 9

the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) releases what 3 gonadotropin hormones

Answer 9

FSH, LH, prolactin (FSH and LH are the main ones)

Question 10

what does FSH do

Answer 10

stimulates follicular development in ovary

Question 11

what does LH do

Answer 11

induces ovulation of mature follicles form ovary and luteinizes (converts to luteal cells) follicular cells of ovulated follicle, leading to formation of CL

Question 12

what does prolactin do

Answer 12

inhibits FSH and GnRH

Question 13

what are the female sex hormones

Answer 13

estrogen or estradiol 17B, and progesterone (steroid hormones)

Question 14

what hormone does the corpus luteum produce

Answer 14

progesterone (steroid hormone)

Question 15

the testes synthesize which hormone

Answer 15

testosterone (steroid hormone)

Question 16

ovarian follicles develop in the ovarian cortex, except it which species

Answer 16

horses

Question 17

the ________ is a primary oocyte surrounded by a layer of cuboidal follicular (granulosa) cells

Answer 17

primary follicle

Question 18

the ______ contains an enlarged primary oocyte surrounded by several layers of follicular cells (granulosa cells)

Answer 18

secondary follicle

Question 19

the ________ is a blister-like structure with a follicular cavity filled with follicular fluid, containing a primary oocyte with layers of surrounding granulosa cells

Answer 19

tertiary follicles

Question 20

these cells secrete a glycoprotein that forms a protective shellfire the developing oocyte called the zone pellucida

Answer 20

granulosa cells

Question 21

what is ovulation

Answer 21

releasing a mature oocyte ready to be fertilized from the mature follicle

Question 22

after ovulation, the empty follicle will transform into this by luteinization (theca internal and granulosa cells become luteal cells)

Answer 22

luteinization

Question 23

If no fertilization following ovulation, the CL will undergo regression/death, known as __________, and turn into a structure called _________, which will be eventually removed from the ovary.

Answer 23

luteolysis; corpus albicans

Question 24

If the oocyte is fertilized and pregnancy establishes, the developing embryo send signals to the mother to maintain CL and continue __________ synthesis (this hormone is essential for maintaining pregnancy)

Answer 24

progesterone (a steroid hormone)

Question 25

all steroid hormones start from one parent compound, which is

Answer 25

cholesterol

Question 26

how do steroid hormones enter and exert effects on cells

Answer 26

they diffuse into cell and nucleus. so they do not need plasma membrane receptors to enter their target cells. however in the nucleus there are specific receptors for these hormones

Question 27

how do gonadotropins enter and exert effects on cells

Answer 27

they interact with plasma membrane protein receptors, interacting with G proteins to activate adenylate cyclase and then activate protein kinases

Question 28

progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol are all what kind of hormone

Answer 28

steroid hormones

Question 29

FSH and LH are both what kind of hormone

Answer 29

gonadotropins

Question 30

both the tonic and surge centres of the hypothalamus release GnRH. estrogen and P4 in combination exert negative feedback on tonic centre, maintaining release of GnRH at low frequency and amplitude. this tonic release of GnRH leads to tonic release of _____ [hormone], which leads to _____ [physiological process]

Answer 30

FSH; follicular development

Question 31

both the tonic and surge centres of the hypothalamus release GnRH. estradiol exerts positive feedback on surge centre [when progesterone is low] leading to massive pulsatile (surge) release of GnR. surge GnRH release is followed by surge release of _____ [hormone] which leads to ___ [physiological process]

Answer 31

LH; ovulation

Question 32

both the tonic and surge centres of the hypothalamus release GnRH. _______ exerts positive feedback on surge centre leading to massive pulsatile (surge) release of GnRH [as long as progesterone is low]. surge GnRH release is followed by surge release of LH which leads to ovulation

Answer 32

estradiol

Question 33

both the tonic and surge centres of the hypothalamus release GnRH. ______ and _______ in combination exert negative feedback on tonic centre, maintaining release of GnRH at low frequency and amplitude. this tonic release of GnRH leads to tonic release of FSH, causing follicular development

Answer 33

progesterone (P4) and estrogen (E2)

Question 34

at what part of estrous cycle are there are small follicles in ovary that secrete a bit of estrogen? (the LOW estrogen and LOW progesterone act to allow tonic release of GnRH, and therefore FSH secretion, causing follicular growth)

Answer 34

this describes the early follicular phase

Question 35

developing follicles secrete

Answer 35

estrogen (E2)

Question 36

in the preovulatory folicle, estrogen is being produced and once there is enough there will be a surge please of GnRH, causing a concomitant surge of LH, stimulating the final maturation of follicle and oocyte, leading to....

Answer 36

ovulation

Question 37

the preovulatory follicle secretes _____ as well as estrogen). together these hormones inhibit the release of FSH

Answer 37

inhibin

Question 38

progesterone inhibits the surge release of _____

Answer 38

GnRH

Question 39

progesterone from a birth control implant mimics ______ [structure] to inhibit the surge release of ______, thereby preventing release of LH and ovulation

Answer 39

corpus luteum; LH