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Repro Flashcards

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1
Q

foetal membranes

A

chorion
yolk sac
amnion
allantois

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2
Q

placenta types

A

discoid - rats
cotyledonary - ruminants
zonary - dogs and cats
diffuse - horse and pigs

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3
Q

progesterone

A

maintains pregnancy
secreted by CL
production taken over by placenta in some species

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4
Q

embryonic death

A

death in early stages
<35-45 days in large animals
<20 in small animals

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5
Q

abortion

A

foetal death of non-viable foetus - usually expelled

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6
Q

stillbirth

A

death of a viable foetus

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7
Q

perinatal death

A

death at <2 days postpartum

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8
Q

infectious causes of abortion

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa
affect dam, foetus, placenta or mix
usually hematogenous
usually ascending in horses
eg. toxoplasma, chlamydia, salmonella, neopspora, t. pyogenes
venereal infections - trichomonas foetus, campylobacter foetus venerealis, EVA
appearance - mummified (Viral or protozoal), macerated (bacterial), placental changes

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9
Q

non-infectious

A

maternal and foetal stress, dystocia, nutrition
appearance - mummified, still-birth

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10
Q

maternal factors

A

primiparity
vaccination status
home bred vs brought in
health
dystocia

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11
Q

placental factors

A

toxoplasmosis - discoloured cotyledons
oedema, inflammation, necrosis - thickened intercoltyledonary areas
umbilical cord issues

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12
Q

foetal factors

A

foetal or maternal stress - can trigger parturition early
hyperthermia - from fever - can trigger HPA axis resulting in quick expulsion of foetus
dystocia - foetal size, parts getting stuck
prolonged gestation - non functional HPA axis

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13
Q

mummification

A

usually in multiparous animals
no bacteria present
foetal skin developed enough to withstand autolysis
no smell
closed cervix
causes - genetic, twinning (horses), BVD, porcine parvo, canine herpes, placental insufficiences

can’t use for further diagnoses

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14
Q

SMEDI

A

still birth
mummification
embryonic death
infertility

porcine parvovirus

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15
Q

maceration

A

bacterial
liquefied and smelly
open cervix

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16
Q

emphysema

A

associated with long dystocia or late expulsion of foetus
smelly
bubblewrap feeling skin - crepitus
may cause toxemia in dam

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17
Q

schmallenberg

A

affects brain and nerves - necrosis in cerebellum, hydroencephaly
weird posture

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18
Q

occult infections

A

eg. salmonella, other fungal and bacterial infections
not many signs on foetus
culture to find out which one or PCR - lepto and chlamydia are hard to culture

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19
Q

fresh tissue samples

A

lung
liver
kidney
thymus
stomach contents
foetal fluids
placenta

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20
Q

fixed tissue samples

A

lung
liver
kidney
thymus
brain
spleen
heart
thyroid
adrenals
skeletal muscle

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21
Q

peri-natal mortality

A

before, during, or within 48 hours of calving

goitre - enlarged thyroid
selenium deficiency - id using fresh foetal liver or kidney sample

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22
Q

common ovarian congenital abnormalities

A

ovarian dysgenesis
ovarian hypoplasia - associated with chromosomal abnormalities

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23
Q

ovarian cysts

A

fluid filled mass lined with epithelial cells
anovulatory graafian follicles - luteal or follicular - secrete steroids and affect reproductive cycles
cystic corpus lutea - variation of a normal CL, may be pregnant
cystic rete ovarii - hilus of ovary, common in guinea pigs
epithelial cysts - can become malignant (Adenocarcinoma), common in bitch
paraovarian cysts - common in mare

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24
Q

ovarian tumours

A

surface and subsurface epithelial structures - papillary and cystic adenomas (benign), papillary adenocarcinomas (malignant)
sex cord stromal tumour - granulosa cell tumours (produce hormones). thecoma, luteoma
germ cell tumour - develop into different cell types - dysgerminoma, teratoma (need at least two cell types to prove)
gonadal stromal tumours

epithelial most common in dog

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25
uterus, cervix and vagina anomolies
imperforate hymen double cervical os segmental aplasia of uterine horn (blind ended horn, can get a build up of fluid, material and infection)
26
metabolic diseases
endometrial hyperplasia metritis contagious equine metritis
27
endometrial hyperplasia
common in dogs chronic hyperplasia of endometrial glands can occur from exogenous sources of progesterone could be linked to pyometra could be secondary to E. Coli
28
metritis
common in cow just after dystocia polymicrobial systemic toxemia signs clostridium tetani, clostridium perfringens
29
contagious equine metritis
horses notifiable stallions - no clinical disease but transmit mares - can harbour for several months after recovered causes endometritis, transient infertility and less commonly abortion
30
uterine defences to infection
innate: epithelium - stratified squamous, sloughs off surface cervical barrier - closed except when giving birth conformation - to keep urine and feces out myometrial tone and contraction drainage of secretions neutrophils macrophages complement cytokines microbial recognition molecules adaptive: humoural cellular hormonal changes can affect immunity
31
idiopathic conditions of uterus
endometriosis - chronic, sometimes asymptomatic, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, pain during intercourse, abnormal bleeding, chronic inflammation, adhesions and scar tissue - human disease
32
neoplasia of the uterus
uterine ednometrial adenocarcinoma - common in rabbits, malignant, metastasis to lungs leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma - smooth muscle tumour, in any organ with smooth muscle, pale when you cut into them
33
immunity in the teats
innate physical - sphincter, keratin plug, milk flushing soluble factors in milk - lactoferrin, lysozyme, complement, cytokines cellular - microbial recognition molecules, macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells
34
mastitis
any inflammation of the udder testing - california milk test, bacterial culture, environmental culture, environmental - e. coli obligate mammary - strep agalactiae, staph aureus, mycoplasma spp types: sever necrotising/gangrenous - gram -ve. endotoxins, massive cytokine release, wet gangrene, quarter may slough off suppurative - gram +ve, pus, summer mastitis (dry cows) granulomatous - contamination of teats, neutrophils and macrophages, cheesy looking, looks a bit like tb viral mastitis (goats) caprine arthritis and encephalitis - retrovirus, absorbed through GIT, hard udder like dry clay, persists (cull)
35
metabolic mammary conditions
fibroadenomatous hyperplasia - triggered by progesterone, cats, young intact females gynaecomastia - male animals, oestrogen causes male mammarys to develop - oestrogen producing tumour in testicles or rare adrenal disease
36
mammary neoplasia
common in dog - usually benign malignant in cat may cause ulceration of the skin (cat) - mammary carcinoma
37
infectious causes - ruminant abortion
specific - brucella abortus non-specific - e. coli
38
miscellaneous causes - ruminant abortion
drug induced insemination/intra-uterine infusion trauma/stress high fever endotoxins nutritional deficiencies twin pregnancy genetic
39
samples for diagnosis
placenta - chroioallatnois - examine size, number and colour od cotyledons, freshness, intercotyledonary areas calf - skin lesions, freshness, size, stomach contents, fluid in body cavities lungs - inflated? intestine liver kidney heart msk - schmallenberg brain maternal milk bulk milk cohort blood feces environmental samples
40
brucella abortus
abortion at 5-9 months endometritis orchitis and epididymitis in bulls hygroma - fluid filled cysts under the skin thickening between cotyledons purulent discharge zoonotic - passes in raw milk and from handling infected animals and carcasses cull whole herd tests - culture (farrells) on aborted and stillborn foetuses, PCR milk, mammary, ELISA, rapid brucella plate test
41
campylobacter
spread by natural service - stop from minimum 1 year infertility early embryonic death asymptomatic in bulls and cows
42
salmonella dublin
gram negative - modified ziehl nelson positive abortion enteritis pneumonia septicemia joint ill meningitis encephalitis osteomyelitis gangrene of extremities zoonotic - spread through feces and movement of cattle
43
coxiella burnetti
gram negative intracellular bacteria - modified ziehl neelsen stain sometimes asymptomatic zoonotic - fromhandling or from bedding blowing in wind Q fever
44
leptospirosis
carried asymptomatically in cow kidneys zoonotic - passed in urine abortion early embyronic death perinatal mortality infertility milk drop syndrome (flabby bag)
45
viral and protozoal causes of ruminant abortion
foot and mouth bluetongue BVD bovine herpes virus schmallenberg neospora caninum tritichomonas fetus anaplasma phagocytophilia mostly because they cause pyrexia
46
main infectious sheep abortion causes (3)
chlamydia abortus toxoplasma gondii campylobacter
47
chalmydia abortus
red, inflamed placenta, thick custard like exudate late pregnancy abortion weak lambs at term
48
toxoplasma gondii
cat vector losses at all stages of pregnancy inflamed cotyledons with multifocal pale necrotic foci
49
prevention of ruminant abortion
vaccination biosecurity mix outside of pregnancy time - raise immunity before pregnancy nutrition, feeding methods and hygiene isolation of aborting animals removal of aborted materials tetracyclines - damage limitation in enzootic abortion
50
causes of foetal loss in dogs
herpes brucella canis salmonella campylobacter strep. canis leptospirosis toxoplasmosis neospora leishmania infantum
51
herpes virus - dog
abortion or peri natal death latent ocular or vaginal discharge puppies infected by dam during birth signs - anorexia, vocalisation, disorientation, most of litter die optimal incubation 34-35c - so lower than normal adult dog but about right for puppy - can help to keep puppies warm necrosis in lungs, liver and kidneys most lesions due to death of endothelial cells - endotheliotropic
52
brucella canis - dog
zoonotic increasing through import transmitted though mating and then passed to puppies - in utero and in milk shed for long time - even if asymptomatic bronchopneumonia in aborted foetuses serology on imported animals
53
foetal loss causes in cats
feline panleukopenia feline alpha-herpes feline leukemia FIP coxiella burnetti salmonella
54
feline panleukopenia - cats
parvovirus feco-oral transmission like bone marrow and GIT - rapidly dividing cells perinatal infection --> infection at cerebellum --> cerebellar hypoplasia (ataxia - permanent) 2-4 months post natal infection --> infection in bone marrow, thymus, GIT, and mucosal lymphoid tissue --> leukopenis (low WBCs) and enteritis 4-12 month infection --> enteritis
55
equine abortion - infectious causes
equid herpes virus-1 equine arteritis
56
equine abortion - non-infectious causes
bacterial/fungal placentitis twinning stillbirth/dystocia genetic unconfirmed
57
equine abortion post mortem
twisted umbilius crown-rump size wight jaundice meconium staining - foetal stree lungs aerated brain hypoplasia unruptured cervical star oedema - also in placenta amniotic nodules - incidental torsion
58
ascending placentitis - horse
usually bacterial discoloured, thick chorion exudate on surface of chorion fungal - thick leathery placenta appearance - usually more chronic
59
equine herpes virus-1
abortion jaundice - liver necrosis placenta changes - necrosis, dark red multifocal lesions, clear membranes pulmonary consolidation intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes latent - triggered by stress
60
congenital disorders - male repro
inclusion cysts - epididymal head of testicle (incidental) segmental aplasia of mesonephric duct - equivalent to same in uterine horn, usually fine but will eventually atrophy become of pressure. Sometimes causes sperm granulomas in interstitial tissue
61
hypospadia
failure of closure of urogenital groove (doesn't close in females - vaginal orifice)
62
cryptorchidism
common heritable intra-abdominal or inguinal hypoplastic prone to sertoli cell tumours
63
tumours of the testicles
interstitial/leydig cell tumour seminoma sertoli cell tumour - 20x more common in cryptorchids
64
tumours of the scrotum
vascular hematoma and hemangioma (benign) hemangiosarcoma (malignent - red dots) melanoma mast cell tumours
65
tesicular and scrotal neoplasia - appearance
white irregular lobulated bulge when cut can be cystic firm - fibrous stroma distorted testicle usually benign may produce excess estrogen - feminisation, reduced libido, testicular and penile atrophy, gynomastia, alopecia, metaplasia of prostate, oestrogenic depression of bone marrow
66
immune functions of male reproductive system
long deferent duct flushed by seminal fluid antimicrobial products in seminal fluid blood testis barrier - sertoli cells, protect sperm from attack by immune system innate and acquired immunity both suppressed within the testicular parenchyma
67
infections - testes and epididymis
orchitis epididimytis sheep - brucella ovis, sheep pox, psedotuberculosis, e. coli, scrotal mange cats - FIP - naturally resistant to brucella dogs - brucella pigs - brucella cattle - brucella, mycobacterium bovis, mycobacterium tuberculosis, e.coli
68
diseases of the prostate
prostatitis - ascending, e. coli benign prostatic hyperplasia - common in in tact males, testosterone causes hyperplasia, palpable per rectum, hematuria, preputial discharge, fixed by castration metaplasia - of epithelium lining prostate gland, layers of stratified cells, protective (caused by damage) or from excess estrogen (eg. from sertoli cell tumour carcinoma - malignant, epithelial, usually urothelial tissue (transitional cells)
69
penis and prepuce diseases
pizzle rot - sheep, inflammation and necrosis of prepuce bovine herpes virus-1 - phaloposthitis in bull, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, abortion, respiratory disease in calves, necrotising laryngotracheitis papilloma - warts on penis, caused by papilloma viruses, can become squamous cell carcinoma melanoma - on mucous membranes, usually around anus but can be on penis, melanin pigment with neoplastic cells
70
equine viral arteritis
persistent in stallions - in accessory sex glands shed into semen during intercourse venereal
71
SMEDI
parvovirus stillbirth, mummification embyronic death, infertility progressive mummification sows not sick
72
pocine circovirus
range of abortion ages usually develop immunity early on
73
PRRS
Late term abortion reproductive and respiratory
74
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
upper respiratory signs abortion infectious pustular vulvovaginitis transmission through direct contact (acutely infected or latent) intranuclear inclusion bodies
75
hatch analysis - pipped
fully formed embryo made hole in shell but not emerged dead or alive at time of opening yolk sac mostly or entirely in abdomen may have visible developmental abnormalities causes - low humidity, high temperatures, inadequate ventilation, nutritional deficiencies, malpositioning, genetic deformities
76
hatch analysis - dead in shell
embryo death usually either in first 3 days of incubation or last 3 days before hatching causes - nutritional deficiences, incubation problem, bacterial or viral infection
77
hatch analysis - blasting
during incubation of hatching eggs bacteria egg may burst due to gas formation one rotten egg can spread to nearby eggs causes - infectious disease, unhygenic conditions
78
hatch analysis - early germ in cell
no obvious embyro, growth of cream-coloured extra embryonic membranes no blood present causes - usually a farm, transport or stage problem (eg. high temp) if death in first 72 hours may be almost indistinguishable from an unfertilised egg
79
sex chromosomes
mammal: male - XY female - XX bird: male - ZZ female - ZW
80
true hermaphrodite
XX, ovatestes, female pheotype
81
pseudohermaphrodite
most common intersex condition XY testicular tissue in abdomen or in scrotal region but external anatomy looks female

Pathology (24 decks)

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