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Repro Flashcards

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1
Q

Small Animal - Cycle Timings

A

Pro-oestrus - 19 days
Oestrus - 10 days
Luteal - 2 months
Anoestrus - 4.5 months

Gestation - 63-63 days

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2
Q

Progesterone

A

Small animal - CL only
high in luteal phase –> pseudopregnancy, pyo

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3
Q

LH

A

Stimulates ovulation

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4
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis - small animal

A

endocrinological changes - Progesterone
US - day 17
palpation - 21 days (walnuts), 32 days (sausages), 50 days (can identify puppies directly)
radiography - day 45 (earlier on there are no bones so can’t see puppies)
physical changes/pregnancy signs - linked to endocrinological changes
plasma relaxin concentration - formed by placenta from day 25

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5
Q

physical signs of pregnancy - small animal

A

teats and mammaries - reddening, enlargement, secretions (more obvious in first pregnancies)
vulval discharge
increased HR
increased appetite
weight gain
abdominal enlargement
relaxation of perineal tissue/vulva

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6
Q

gestational aging - small animal

A

organ formation (kidneys in last 20 days)
measurement - gestational sac, crown-rump length, head diameter, trunk diameter - breed specific measurements

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7
Q

pseudopregnancy

A

covert - increase in prolactin during luteal phase
clinical - true pseudopregnancy

behaviours - nesting, agression

physical signs - reddened teats

less common in cats - from sterile matings
usually do nothing
if bad - prolactin inhibitors
don’t spay while in pseudopregnancy - removes negative feedback loop

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8
Q

pyometra

A

luteal phase
bacterial contamination while cervix is open
open or closed types
may see discharge
iatrogenic - caused by administration of oestrogen
can use antibiotics for open pyo
looks like pregnancy on US - mickey mouse ears

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9
Q

pregnancy diagnosis in the queen

A

reddening and enlargement of mammaries
palpation - day 21-25
relaxin monitoring - day 25
US - 3 weeks
radiography - day 40

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10
Q

indications for termination

A

unwanted pregnancy
size mismatch
age
dystocia risk
medical indications

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11
Q

approaches to termination

A

surgical - ovariohysterectomy in late pregnancy, ovarioectomy early
pharmacological:
- oestrogens
- anti-progesterogens - day 1-45
- prostaglandins - after day 25
- dopamine agonists - after 30 days
- late pregnancy - prostglandins or dopamine agonists

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12
Q

parturition - signs - small animal

A

LH and progesterone measurement
behavioural - restless, seeking seclusion, inappetence, nesting, shivering
drop in body temp
perineal and abdominal muscle engagement
increased HR
lactation - 24 hours before, more common first time
imaging - to estimate gestational age - teeth at day 58-63

no significant temp drop in queen

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13
Q

stages of parturition - small animal

A

preparation - relaxin –> relaxation of pubic symphysis
contractions - restless, nesting, temp drop - puppies rearranging position for birth
expulsion of foetus - rectal temp back to normal, passage of foetal fluids, abdominal straining
expulsion of placenta and foetal membranes
puerperium - reinvolution of uterus

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14
Q

dystocia - small animal

A

expulsive force not sufficient
foetus too big or otherwise abnormal
birth canal not wide enough
abnormal presentation
can delay birth if don’t feel ready

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15
Q

dystocia - primary inertia

A

lack of force due to dietary insufiiciences
most common
more in bitches than queens
exercise - stimulates contractions
digital stimulation (feathering) - stimulates oestrogen
administration of calcium
oxytocin - stimulates contractions

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16
Q

dystocia - secondary inertia

A

too tired to continue contractions
correct cause - remove obstructions
make sure no obstruction before giving drugs - can lead to uterine rupture

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17
Q

foetal issues - small animal

A

presentation
position - not pressing against cervix
posture
disproportion

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18
Q

physical indications for intervention - small animal

A

weak straining over 2-4 hours
strong straining over 20-30 mins
fluid passed 2-3 hours ago but nothing else
greenish discharge but no puppies at 2-4 hours
2-4 hours between birth of last puppy and no progress
if second stage labour more than 12 hours

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19
Q

diagnostic indications for intervention - small animal

A

vaginal exam - dilated? lubrication? positioning, size, posture of foetuses? foetal membranes? relative size of birth canal?

US - determine if puppies are alive and if they are distressed
normal foetal HR - 180-240bpm
<180bpm - distress
<150bpm - immediate intervention needed

radiography - malformed foetuses of abnormal positioning

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20
Q

drug induction - small animal

A

oxytocin
calcium
tocyclic

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21
Q

surgical intervention dystocia - small animal

A

epidural
episiotomy - enlarges birth canal
c-section
euthanasia

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22
Q

c-section - small animal

A

emergency indications -
- primary or secondary uterine inertia
- uterine rupture or torsion
- malposition
- foetal death
- foetal distress

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23
Q

postpartum checks

A

normal - slightly elevated temp, serosanguinous vaginal discharge, uterine involution in 12-15 weeks
abnormal - temp over 39.5c, thick dark discharge, haemorrhagic discharge, serosanguinous, discharge longer than 6 weeks
placenta should pass in 4-5 hours

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24
Q

Mare reproductive exams

A

pre breeding
pre purchase
breeding management
infertility workup
pregnancy diagnosis
import/export

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25
poor conformation - mare
pneumovagina urovagina endometritis cervicitis infertility
26
windsucker test
part vulva lips and listen for in-flush of air - test of vestibular vaginal sphincter
27
use - transrectal US - horse
cycle staging - oestrus endometrial folds, dioestrus homogenous texture
28
use - vaginal exam - horse
changes in cervix during cycle - oestrus - more secretions, more vascular, more relaxation - dioestrus - dry, pale, closed - abnormalities - anatomical, build up of unwanted materials, inflammation, variscosity, tears, adhesions manual cervix check - integrity, patency, adhesions, other abnormalities
29
semen collection - stallion
artificial vagine electroejaculation manual collection
30
problems during semen collection - stallion
urine in semen blood in semen urine crystals low motility low concentration abnormal morphology
31
semen evaluation - stallion
smell colour volume sperm concentration motility number of sperm pH morphology cytology bacteriology/virology
32
stallion inspection
sperm evaluation libido and mating behaviours - ability to identify oestrus female, achieve erection, mount, achieve intromission and ejaculation internal and external genitalia - tears, palpation, US, testes size culture - penis, urethra, fossa glandis serology endocrinology endoscopy
33
oligospermia/azoospermia
no sperm either not formed or obstructed
34
testicular degeneration
common in stallion contributing factors - age, temp, toxins, nutrition, vascular disease, neoplasia, endocrine feel soft to palpate and small
35
scrotal oedema
US to check if actually oedema or blood or something else
36
thermal trauma
impacts number of sperm in ejaculate for 60 days spermatocytes most vulnerable to thermal injury
37
calf castration methods
rubber ring - under 1 week bloodless - under 2 months (using nerve block) surgical - any time by veterinary surgeon (using anaesthetic)
38
calf castration complications
not getting both testes infection (including tetanus) bloodless - catching urethra and/or bladder if done when testes not properly descended
39
lamb castration methods
rubber ring - under 7 days emasculator (bloodless) over 7 days (local anaesthetic) surgery - over 3 months (anaesthetic)
40
horse castration
6 months - 1 year can leave stallion to grow to 3/4 years to allow more muscle growth after this behaviours are learned so won't be corrected by castration in field or theatre
41
horse GA field
ACP - wait 30-45 mins detomidine - wait 5 mins ketamine - induction then IV top ups
42
horse GA theatre
ACP - wait 30-45 mins detomidine - wait 5 mins ketamine - induction intubate then isoflurane in oxygen for maintenance
43
mastitis risk factors
udder natural defences compromised high bacteria numbers at teat end udder natural defences bypassed
44
udder defences
teat canal - keratinocytes, lipid secretions, sphincter muscle phagocytes (somatic cells) frequent milking - flushing antibodies lectoferrin
45
individual signs of mastitis
abnormal milk or udder changes - secretion, size, texture no milk (agalactia) blind or non-functional glands hungry neonate (won't see in dairy as not fed from cow) pain - altered gait enlarged supramammary lymph nodes teat and skin lesions
46
herd level signs of mastitis
high bulk milk cell count chronic high cell counts general sickness - deaths from e. coli higher number needing to be culled
47
california mastitis test
trace - slight slime formation when paddle rocked 1+ - distinct slime formation right after mixing, dissipates 2+ - distinct slime formation, bottom of plate exposed 3+ - distinct slime formation surface of solution convex
48
septic mastitis
usually gram negative - coliforms signs - recumbency, weakness, depression, inappetence, tachycardia and tachypnoea, fever, rumen stasis, diarrhoea endotoxemia --> hypocalcemia endotoxic shock --> multi organ failure
49
summer mastitis
dry cow spread by flies - trueperella pyogenes increased by wet, muddy environments purulent infection abscesses painful to strip out usually won't milk again in that quarter after it's cleared
50
mastitis diagnosis
milk culture PCR masticide california milk test response to treatment electrical conductivity of milk - increased with higher somatic cell count
51
common causes of mastitis
incorrect teat spray volume or application teat end damage excessive damage over/under milking unsuitable teat cup liners cup slip poor cluster removal
52
mastitis pathogens
contagious - staph aureus, strep agalactiae (gram +Ve) environmental - strep uberis, entero/aero/lactococcus sp, t. pyogenes, bacillus, clostridium (gram +ve) e. coli, klebsiella, enterobacter, psuedomonas (gram -ve)
53
vaccum phases milking
a+b - starting suction and continuous suction - 60-63% of cycle d - rest phase - important for teat health, blood flow back to teat
54
liner tension
test by sticking finger in while suctioning decreases with age - moutpiece slips of teat service liners every 2.5k milkings silk liners last longer - 8k milkings
55
dynamic milk parlour test
overmilking liner fit flow away from teat reverse vacuum gradients (splash back of bacteria onto teat) pulsation
56
bull fertility rates
complete infertility - 5-10% - no semen or all dead sub fertility - 20%+ fully fertile - mature bull with 50 healthy cycling cows should get >60% in calf in 3 weeks and >90% in 9 weeks
57
causes of bull infertility
failure to mount - eg. poor libido, injury, overwork failure to achieve intromission/ejaculation failure to achieve fertilisation
58
bull soundness examination
BCS heart and lungs eyes jaws and teeth - need to be able to eat enough to keep up with work locomotion reproductive tract semen analysis libido/service assessment infectious disease
59
bull semen collection
mated female - internal artificial vagina artificial vagina ampullae massage electroejaculation
60
motility assessment
gross motility - graded 1-5 progressive motility - % with forward motion (need warmed slide)
61
sperm cell abnormalities (morphology)
pear head double head abnormal acrosome swollen midpiece coiled tail double tail
62
cow pregnancy detection
transrectal US - 28 days, can sex embryos from 55-60 days manual palpation - 35 days Pregnancy associated glycoprotein etsting progesterone monitoring - if flat progesterone then probably pregnant knocking - pushing belly - 7 months non-return to heat
63
twins - cattle
usually double ovulation not split ovulation more energy to grow smaller at birth freemartinism higher rate of embryonic loss
64
early vs late embryonic death - cattle
early <18 days - doesn't change cycle length late 18-45 days - changes cycle length
65
submission rate
proportion of eligible animals served within a given time period (usually 21 days)
66
visual signs of oestrus - cow
mucous vaginal discharge cajoling restlessness being mounted but not standing sniffing vagina of other cow resting chin on other cow mounting or attempting to mount another cow mounting head side of other cow standing heat
67
conception rate
proportion of served animals that are pregnant at pregnancy detection
68
pregnancy rate
proportion of eligible animals pregnanct in given time period
69
stages of labour - cattle
1 - first uterine contraction to burst water sack - can take hours 2 - after bag burst, contractions every few mins - intervention after 30 mins in cow, 60 mins in heifer
70
initial assessment - cattle parturition
surroundings presentation foetal-maternal diproportion obstruction twins malformation metabolic conditions - eg calcium needed for muscle contraction
71
foetal-maternal disproportion - cattle
calf too big or too small dam factors - age, weight, BCS, nutrition calf factors - gestation length, breed, sire herd level significance - if often a problem then need to review strategy and plan for earlier intervention for remaining cows crossed legs - may be a sign off shoulders being too big c-section in very bad cases
72
obstruction - cattle
normal - still in 1st stage, undilated, just needs more time abnormal - undilated cervix with comorbidity (eg hypocalcaemia), uterine torsion, malpresentation, pelvic abnormalities
73
post calving management
check for tears check for additional calves rehydrate nutrition stress management client management - lessons to learn, herd level implications
74
immediate post calving challenges
retained fetal membranes - infection nerve damage tears/bleeding uterine prolapse hypocalcemia trauma other concurrent disease
75
ram fertility exam
around 20% have sub optimal fertility identify infertile or sub-fertile avoid economic loss promotes genetic progression
76
fertile ram definition
capable of getting 85% of 60 normal healthy naturally cycling ewes in lamb in first cycle expected to achieve 85% pregnancy in 40 normal healthy ewes in first cycles
77
key ram hormones
testosterone - leydig cells - development of testes, initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis FSH - anterior pituitary - targets leydig and sertoli cells LH - anterior pituitary - targets leydig and sertoli cells Inhibin B - sertoli cells - controls FSH secretion
78
Ram MOT
Signallment - age, ID, species, breed, both testicles? history - previous clinical issues, vax, treatments, lameness, nutrition, fertility, other disease full clinical exam - nose through toes, BCS, reproductive tract exam
79
Ram reproductive tract examination
scrotum and contents - palpate testes and epididymis, scrotal circumference - 30cm @ 12 months - 32cm @ 12-24 months - 36cm @ +24 months Penis - palpation through skin, protrusion in extended position, serving exam when erect
80
Ram penile abnormalities
deviation trauma failure of erection hematoma pizzle rot short retractor penis muscle
81
Ram scrotal pathology
testicular hypoplasia or degeneration epididymitis or epididymal aplasia cyst sperm granuloma dermatitis parasites subcutaneous fat positioning - lateral rotation pendulous scrotal frenulum hernia
82
ram - semen collection
artificial vagina - gold standard - teaser ewe, ram needs training vaginal aspiration - teaser ewe, disease risk and risk of contamination electroejaculation - small proportion doesn't work
83
ram - semen assessment
colour smell contamination density/grade gross motility - swirl progressive motility - % moving forward 1x cell length per second (minimum 60% acceptable) morphologucal exam of semen sample - nigorsin stain
84
ram - common sperm abnormalities
pyriform heads micro/macroencephalic sperm nuclear vacuoles knobbed acrosome detached heads proximal cytoplasmic droplets distal midpiece reflex coiled tails coiled principle piece bent tails abaxial tails accessory tails
85
effect of stress on semen - ram
eg. high temp/inflammation/trauma reduced sperm concentration reduced motility increased morphological defects sex ratio of sperm signs seen 1 week-10 days after scrotal stress
86
common diseases affecting ram fertility
brucellosis caseous lymphadentitis - cheesy gland foot rot/CODD parasites nutritional deficiences Bovine TB Johnes

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