Repro

Question 1

S+S for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?

What are the 3 main symptoms?

Answer 1

3 primary:
1.) Irregular periods
2.) High androgen levels
3.) Cysts on ovaries

Other:
Dysfunctional uterine
bleeding or amenorrhea
HTN and dyslipidemia
Male pattern hair growth
Insulin resistance

Question 2

What is PCO syndrome defined as? What must you have?

Answer 2

PCO syndrome is defined as having 2 of 3 symptoms.

1.) Anovulatory – menstrual cycle without ovulation,

2.) elevated levels of androgens,

3.) and polycystic ovaries

You don’t have to have polycystic ovaries to have PCO syndrome, just as having polycystic ovaries doesn’t mean you have PCO syndrome

Question 3

What are polycystic ovaries?

Answer 3

they can contribute to polycystic ovary syndrome, but they themselves are usually harmless

Question 4

What is the most common endocrine disorder?

Answer 4

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Question 5

What is PCOS caused by?

Answer 5

Caused by an endocrine imbalance – most common endocrine disorder

Question 6

Causes of PCOS?

*what is a major factor and what is it related to?

Answer 6

Genetic and environmental causes – obesity is major factor – related to insulin resistance

Numerous follicles develop on ovaries – excessive production of estrogen – ovaries enlarge and fail to release eggs

Question 7

What is Dysmenorrhea?

Answer 7

painful menstruation – 50% of all women experience dysmenorrhea – 10% are incapacitated for 1-3 days

Question 8

What is primary Dysmenorrhea?
when do incidences rise?

Answer 8

– occurs at the onset of their cycle – incidence rises until late teens early 20s and then decreases

Question 9

Causes of primary Dysmenorrhea? What does it do/cause?

Answer 9

excessive prostaglandin – increase myometrial contraction, constricts endometrial blood vessels, and enhances nerve hypersensitivity

Question 10

What is secondary Dysmenorrhea?

When does it appear?

Answer 10

related to pathological conditions – appears later in life, occurs anytime during their cycle

Question 11

Causes of secondary Dysmenorrhea?

Answer 11

– endometriosis, endometritis, PID, adhesions, obstructive uterine or vaginal anomalies, inflammation, uterine fibroids, polyps, tumours, cysts or IUDs

Question 12

Signs + Symptoms of Dysmenorrhea? What is its duration?

Answer 12

Pain with the onset of menses accompanied by backache, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, syncope, and headache

Rarely lasts longer than 3 days

Question 13

What are endometrial polyps? What do they contain?

Answer 13

– benign mass of tissue containing glands, connective tissue, & blood vessels

Question 14

Where are endometrial polyps located? what age do they typically develop at?

Answer 14

develop anywhere within the uterus, usually in women 40-50 yrs

Question 15

S+S of endometrial Polyps?

Answer 15

. Can be asymptomatic but can also cause excessive menstrual bleeding or bleeding throughout their cycle – easily removed during hysteroscopy

Question 16

What is Endometriosis? What can it mimic?

Answer 16

endometrial tissue outside of the uterus – can mimic other pelvic diseases

Question 17

S+S of endometriosis?

Answer 17

can include infertility, pelvic pain, pain on defecation, pain during intercourse

Question 18

What are benign ovarian cysts? What are they related to? when do they most commonly occur?

Answer 18

benign cysts that occur on the ovaries

– occurs most common in the reproductive years around puberty and menopause – related to hormone imbalances – common

Question 19

What is a follicle cysts? What are its characteristics?

Answer 19

-Most common type of benign ovarian cysts

follicle cysts which are functional cysts – unilateral – asymptomatic – 5-6 cm up to 8-10 cm – follicle fails to rupture and release the ovum, or nondominant follicle fails to recess

Question 20

S+S of Benign ovarian cysts? When will the problem resolve?

Answer 20

may feel bloating, tender breasts and heavy or irregular menses – after several abnormal cycles the problem will resolve

Question 21

What is a dermoid cyst? What can they become? What are it’s characteristics?

Answer 21

A dermoid cyst is an ovarian teratoma – common ovarian neoplasm – may contain mature tissue – hair, skin, glands, cartilage, and bone – they are usually asymptomatic but they have potential to become malignant and need to be removed

Question 22

S+S of Uterine Fibroids?

Answer 22

abnormal vaginal bleeding, pain, and pressure on nearby structures, stretching of the uterine wall increases the endometrial surface area – increased bleeding during menstruation. Can also cause infertility – diagnosed through bimanual physical examination.

Question 23

What are Uterine Fibroids? (Leiomyomas)

Most of them are?

Answer 23

slow growing benign tumours that develop in the myometrium, - affect 70-80% of women – most asymptomatic – increasing incidence 30-50 yrs and then decreases after menopause –

Question 24

What is Gynecomastia? What is it a result of?

Answer 24

over development of breast tissue in a male – result of hormonal alterations

Question 25

Causes for Gynecomastia (male breasts)?

Answer 25

Idiopathic

Systemic disorders such as cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis, CKD, COPD, hyperthyroidism, TB, malnutrition

Can also be caused by medications, or neoplasms

Imbalance in estrogen/testosterone levels

*Estrogen is excessively high or testosterone levels are very low

Question 26

Imbalances related to (Blank) can cause Gynecomastia?

Answer 26

Imbalances related to aging, puberty, Klinefelter’s syndrome, hypogonadism, or testicular neoplasms

Question 27

What does Malignant Brest cancer involve?

Answer 27

Malignant breast cancer involves the nipple – crusting & nipple discharge common, ulceration and skin retraction, enlarged axillary nodes

Question 28

Risk factor for breast cancer?

Answer 28

Klinefelter’s syndrome risk factor
BRCA1 or BRCA 2 mutation

Question 29

What age is breast cancer typically seen in?

Answer 29

> 60 yrs

Question 30

Complications of BPH?

Answer 30

Bladder and kidney infections, bladder stones, hydronephrosis, and renal insufficiency

Question 31

S+S for BPH? (benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)

Answer 31

Bladder outflow obstruction
urge to urinate, delay in starting stream, decreased force of urination, urine retention with overflow incontinence

Question 32

Risk factors for Benign prostatic Hyperplasia?

Answer 32

Family history & obesity are risk factors

Question 33

What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? What is it most commonly caused by?

Answer 33

Enlargement of the prostate gland – most enlargement caused by hyperplasia not hypertrophy

Question 34

Characteristics of benign prostate hyperplasia?

Where does it most commonly occur?

Answer 34

Prostate compresses the urethra

Occurs more often in westernized countries – Canada, US, UK

Question 35

Growth rate for BPH? What happens after age 45?

Answer 35

Growth is gradual until puberty – reaches adult size in 30 – after 45 hyperplasia begins and continues

Question 36

What is BPH considered? what is it’s rate of growth affected by?

Answer 36

Considered a normal part of aging – growth rate is affected by changes in hormones – occurs slowly over a prolonged period of time

Question 37

Diagnosis for BPH?

Answer 37

Medical history and physical exam, urinalysis
PSA level to determine hyperplasia
Kidney and bladder function tested