repro learn this sht Flashcards by shelby wagner

mutation in sonic hedgehog gene causes:

holoprosencephaly

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mutation in hox gene causes

limbs in wrong locations

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provides lengthening of limbs

FGF gene

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necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral column

wnt-7

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which week: hCG secretion begins

w/in week 1

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which week: bilaminar disc (epiplast and hypoblast)

w/in week 2

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which week: gastrulation form trilaminar embryonic disc; cells from epiblast invaginate-> primitive streak-> endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm; notochord arises from midline mesoderm; overlying ectoderm becomes neural plate

w/in week 3

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which week: neural tube formed by neuroectoderm and closes by week ____; ORGANOGENESIS

week 3-8

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which week: heart begins to beat; upper and lower limb buds form

week 4 (4 weeks= 4 limbs and 4 chamber heart)

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which week: fetal movement starts

gait at week EIGHT

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which week: GENITALIA have male/female characteristics

TENitalia

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benign rathke pouch tumor with cholesterol crystals, calcifications is derived from which layer?

craniopharyngioma= surface ECTOderm

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what are the derivatives of the neural crest

MAGIC COPS
melanocytes
aorticopulmonary septum
ganglia (DRG)
iris
cranial nerves
chromaffin cells
odontoblasts
PNS
schwann cells

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mesodermal defects= ?

VACTERL
vertebral defects
anal atresia
cardiac defects
tracheo-esophageal fistula
renal defects
limb defects

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dizygotic twins arise from ____

2 eggs fertilized by 2 different sperm; will have 2 separate sacs and placenta (chorions)

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monozygotic twins arise from:

1 fertilized egg that splits in early pregnancy

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placenta layer that synthesizes and secretes hCG

syncytiotrophoblast

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how many umbilical vessels?

TWO arteries with deox blood; ONE ve1n with oxygenated blood

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urine discharge from umbilicus is a failure of what to obliterate

urachus

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meconium discharge from umbilicus is due to defect of

vitilline fistula

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meckel diverticulum

vitelline duct

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1st arch derivative

maxillary artery

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2nd aortic arch derivatives

stapedial artery and hyoid artery

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3rd aortic arch derivative

common carotid artery

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4th aortic arch derivative

left aortic arch; right proximal right subclavian

6th aortic arch derivative

pulmonary arteries

1st brachial cleft

external auditory meatus

cyst within lateral neck; does not move during swallowing

brachial cleft cyst

micrognathia, glossoptosis, cleft palate, airway obstruction

pierre robin sequence- 2nd and 3rd brachial arch messed up

neural crest dysfunction-> mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities

treacher collins

1st arch derivatives

M (max, mand, muscles of mastication)

2nd arch derivatives

S (stapes, styloid, smile)

3rd arch derivatives

pharyngeus

4 and 6th arch derivatives

Cricoid, thyroid

rmr the arch derivatives with: eating at mcdonalds golden arches:

1.chew 2.smile 3.swallow stylishly 4. simply swallow 6. speak

failure of fusion of the max and medial nasal process

cleft lip

failure of fusion of the 2 lateral palatine shelves or failure of fusion of lateral palatine shelves with nasal septum

cleft palate

how does a fetus become a male?

SRY-> testis determining factor sertoli cells-> mullarian inhibitory factor leydig cells-> androgens-> mesonephric ducts develop

primary amenorrhea (lack of uterine development) in females with fully developed secondary sexual characteristics (functional ovaries)

Mullerian agenesis

wolffian duct develops into:

SEED; seminal vesicle, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens

male female homologs: genial tubercle

glans clit= glans penis | vestibular bulbs= corpus cav and spong

m/f homologs: urogenital sinus

greater vestibular glands= bulbourethral glands | skene= prostate

m/f homologs: urogenital folds

minora= ventral shaft

m/f homologs: labioscrotal swelling

majora= scrotum

abnormal opening of penile urethra on ventral surface of penis due to FAILURE OF URETHRAL FOLDS TO FUSE

hypospadias

abnormal opening of penile urethra on dorsal surface of penis due to FAULTY POSITIONING OF GENITAL TUBERCLE

epispadias

ligate vessels during oophorectomy to avoid bleeding= ureter courses retro, close to gonadal vessles and youre at risk injury him. which ligament?

infundibular (suspensory) ligament

do a hysterectomy, then she complains of fever and flank pain. you done nicked the ureter. what ligament did you mess with

cardinal

derivative of the gubernaculum. uterine fundus to labia majora

round ligament

pathway of sperm during ejaculation

SEVEN UP | seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas D, ejeculatory ducts, nothing, urethra, penis

sertoli cells secrete 2 things:

inhibit B, androgen binding protein

what 3 hormones cause lactation?

1. decreased progesterone after delivery 2. increased oxytocin 3. increased prolactin

oogenesis. what stage is arrested from birth to puberty

meiosis I arrested in prOphase 1 until Ovulation

oogenesis. what stage is arrested from ovulation until fertilization

meiosis II arrested in METaphase II (egg MET sperm)

what hormones increases temp during ovulation?

progesterone

levels of hormones leading to ovulation

increased estrogen-> increased GnRH receptors on and pit; estrogen surge-> LH release->ovulation

calculate gestational age

date of last period

calculate embryoinic age

date of conception (gestational age- 2 weeks)

phys of pregnancy: 1. cardiac output 2. heart rate 3. coag 4. vent

1. INCREASE CO (increase preload; decrease afterload) 2. increase HR 3. HYPERcoag 4. HYPERventilation (eliminate fetal CO2)

HI beta hCG levels think: (4)

down syndrome, multiple gestations, hydatidiform mole, chorioCA

low beta hCG think: 3

ectopic/failed pregnancy, Patau, Edward

fxn of human placental lactogen

stimulates insulin produciton

APGAR based on:

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

exclusively breastfed infants require:

vit D

hormonal changes in menopause: | estrogen, FHS, LH, GnRH

lo estrogen WAY HI FSH hi LH hi GnRH

testicular atrophy, tall, long extremities, gynocomastia, infertile. tell me about the hormones

klinefelter 47 XXY; dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules= low inhbin B= HI FSH abnormal leydig cells= low testosterone= hi LH= hi estrogen

short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, shield chest, bicuspid aortic valve or coarctation of aorta, webbed neck, cystic hygroma, horseshoe kidney

turner 45XO

young girl comes in with gemale external genitalia, scant axillary and pubic hair, rudimentary vagina, 2 lumps in groin, uterus and fallopian tubes are absent

androgen insensitivity syndrome

hormone levels in androgen insensitivity syndrome

UP: estrogen, testosterone, LH

how do you tx hydatidiform mole?

D and C

honeycombed uterus, US= snowstorm appearance

hydatidiform mole

abnormal increased b-hCG, SOB, hemoptysis, "cannonball metastasis" to lungs

choriocarcinoma

abrupt PAINFUL bleeding in 3rd trimester; a/w smoking, HTN, cocaine; life threatenting

placental abruption

no separation of placenta after delivery, can cause sheehan syndrome

placenta accreta/increata/percreta

painLESS 3rd trimester bleeding

placenta previa

``` fetal vessels run near cervical os, may result in vessel rupture, exsanguination, fetal death. TRIAD: 1. membrane rupture 2. painLESS bleeding 3. fetal bradycardia what should you do? ```

vasa previa; emergency C section

preeclampsia is caused by:

abnormal placental spiral arteries-> endothelial dysfxn, vasoC, ischemia

tx preeclampsia

antihtn, iv mag sulfate, delivery if late enough

tx exlampsia

IMMEDIATE delivery, iv mag sulfate, antihtns

tx HELLP syndrome

IMMEDIATE delivery

hellp syndrome can lead to what in the liver

hepatic subcapsular hematomas-> rupture->severe hypOtension

pathognomonic hormone level for PCOS

way hi LH to FSH ratio

most common ovarian mass in young women

follicular cyst

most common adenexal mass in women > 55YO

ovarian neoplasms

most common ovarian neoplams; lined with fallopian tuble-like epithelium

serous cystadenoma

pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, "chocolate cyst"

endometrioma

coffee bean nuclei on HandE, solid tumor that is pale yellow

brenner tumor

triad: ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax. pulling sensation in groin

meigs

most common malignant stromal tumor; call-exner bodies

granulosa cell tumor

repro learn this sht Flashcards

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