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Repro Phys Flashcards

1
Q

gonadotropin secretion over the lifetime

A
  • childhood- FSH > LH
  • adult- LH > FSH
  • senescence- FSH > LH
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2
Q

puberty initiated by?

A

pulsatile secretion of GnRH

  • drives the pulsatile secretion of FSH and LH
  • stim secretion of gonadal steroid H’s
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3
Q

melatonin- inhibits what?

A

GnRH release

  • levels are high during childhood and decline in adulthood
  • removal of pineal gland precipitates early puberty
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4
Q

seminiferous tubule

A
  • epit formed by sertoli cells, wth interspersed germ cells
  • spermatogonia- most immature germ cells
  • spermatozoa- mature germ cells
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5
Q

leydig cells

A

-interstitial cells that lie b/w the tubules

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6
Q

adult testis- consist of?

A
  • 80% seminiferous tubules

- 20% CT interspersed with leydig cells

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7
Q

Sertoli cells- fxn

A
  • provide nutrients to diff sperm
  • form TJs
  • secrete an aqueous fluid
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8
Q

leydig cells- fxn

A

-syn and secrete T

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9
Q

testosterone

A
  • syn and secreted by leydig cells

- testds- 17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase- converts androstenedione to T

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10
Q

5alpha-reductase- dowes what

A

converts T to DHT (active androgen in some tissues)

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11
Q

estrogen in male

A
  • Sertoli cells: T–aromatase–> estradiol

- important role in spermiogenesis

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12
Q

T- in seminiferous tubules and peripheral circulation

A
  • seminiferous tubules- conc by binding to ABP

- peripheral- SHBG and albumin

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13
Q

LH stim what?

A
  • chol –> pregnenolone:
  • inc affinity of P450scc enzyme for chol (chol side-chain cleavage enzyme)
  • stim syn of P450scc enzyme
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14
Q

tissues producing androgens

A
  • adrenal: chol–> androstenedione
  • peripheral tissues: T—5alpha-reductase–> DHT and T–aromatase–> estradiol
  • testis- does it all
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15
Q

T- actions during fetal development

A
  • 2nd month- genital organs

- 2-3 month of pregnancy- descent of testes

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16
Q

DHT- actions

A
  • fetal diff of external male genitalia
  • male hair distribution and male pattern baldness
  • sebaceous gland activity
  • growth of prostate
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17
Q

tx for BPH and hair loss in males

A

-5alpha-reductase inhibitors!!!

caused by DHT

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18
Q

sertoli cells and T

A
  • FSH stim sertoli cells to secrete ABP and inhibin (neg feedback to ant pit)
  • aromatization of T to estradiol-17B
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19
Q

spermatogenesis- 3 phases

A
  • mitotic divisions
  • meiotic divisions
  • spermiogenesis
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20
Q

H factors taht stim spermatogenesis

A
  • LH- stim Leydig cells to secrete T
  • FSH- stim sertoli cells to nurse/form sperm
  • GH- promotes early div of sperm
  • T- growth and div of testicular germinal cells
  • estrogens- formed from T by sertoli cells
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21
Q

T def- depends on age of onset

A

-2-3 mo of gestation- ambiguity in male genitalia
-3rd trimester of pregnancy- cryptorchidism and micropenis
puberty- poor 2 sexual development, eunuchoidism
-post=puberty- dec libido, ED, dec hair growth, low energy, infertility

22
Q

Kallman’s syndrome

A
  • GnRH neurons fail to migrate into hypothalamus during embryonic development
  • delayed/absent puberty, impaired sense of smell
  • form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
23
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

(seminiferous tubular dysgenesis)

  • men with an extra X chromosome
  • at puberty- inc levels of gonadotropins fail to induce normal testicular growth and spermatogenesis
  • dec T secretion= primary hypogonadism
24
Q

male-pattern baldness and BPH

A
  • caused by DHT

- tx- 5alpha-reductase inhibitor

25
ovarian and endometrial cycle
- ovarian- follicular (coincides w/ prolif phase) and luteal phase (coincides with secretory phase) - endometrial- menses, prolif, secretory phase
26
- ovarian- follicular (coincides w/ prolif phase) and luteal phase (coincides with secretory phase) - endometrial- menses, prolif, secretory phase
- FSH stim a follicle to complete its development - begins with onset of menses and ends on day of LH surge - granulosa cells inc prod of estradiol- coincides with prolif phase of endometrial cycle - rapid rise in ovarian estradiol secretion- triggers surge in LH- causes ovulation!!
27
luteal phase
- follicle transforms into a corpus luteum - luteal cells prod progesterone and estrogen - begins on day of LH surge, ends at onset of next menses - coincides with secretory phase of endometrial cycle
28
pulsatile release of GnRH and pulsatile secretion of LH
- GnRH- small rise in LH- early in follicular phase | - later in follicular phase- gonadotrophs in ant pit become more sensitive to GnRH- causes a much larger release of LH
29
LH and FSH- acto n?
- theca cells- LH R's | - granulosa cells- LH and FSH Rs
30
inhibins
- inhibins- prod by granulosa cells- inhibit FSH secretion by gonadotrophs - FSH stim granulosa cells to produce inhibins
31
activins
-stim effect of FSH release
32
positive feedback
- end of follicular phase - estradiol levels steeply rise at 2nd half of follicular phase - estradiol levels at a certain threshold for 2 days- HP axis reverses its sensitivity to estrogens- + feedback! - promotes LH surge!! - rising levels of progesterone during follicular phase also prod a + feedback
33
ovary synthesizes?
- estradiol via 17B-HSD | - progesterone
34
estradiol syn- requires 2 cell types
- theca cells | - granulosa cells
35
PCOS
- most common cause of infertility in women - abnormal ovarian steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis - androgen excess and anovulation - high androgens- promotes atresia in developing follicles - elevated LH, low FSH, elevated T
36
fertilization
- sperm head attaches to zona pellucida- sperm-ZP3 interaction - acrosomal rxn- inc in Ca inside sperm cells- triggers fusion- exocytosis of the acrosomal contents (hydrolytic enzymes- dissolves the zona pellucida) - spermatozoon penetrates zona pellucida - cell membranes of the sperm and oocyte fuse
37
feritilization- 2
- oocytes 2nd meiotic division and cortical rxn- initiated by inc in Ca- exocytosis of cortical granules (prevents polyspermy- enzymes cause zona pellucida to harden) - oocyte completes its 2nd meiotic div - sperm nucleus decondenses and transforms into the male pronucleus - male and female pronuclei fuse- form the zygote
38
1st wk of embryogenesis- occurs where
-in lumina of oviduct and uterus
39
1st wk of embryogenesis
- first 2 cleavages- 2 days - 16 cell morula- at 3rd day - blastocyst- days 4-5 - implantation of blastocyst- days 6-7
40
implantation
- cytotrophoblasts | - syncytiotrophoblasts- adhesive, invasive, endocrine fxnx- secrete HCG- maintains the corpus luteum
41
decidualization
Maternal response to implantation - progesterone- endometrial stroma is transformed into enlarged and glycogen-filled decidual cells - endometrium is called decidua- ready for implantation of embryo
42
placenta development
-blastocyst implants- syncytiotrophoblast invades the decidua- creates primary chorionic villi (via prolif of cytotrophoblasts)
43
mature placenta
- chorionic villi- fxnal unit of placenta - intervillous space - decidua basalis
44
placenta- acts as
- fetal gut- supplying nutrients - fetal lung- exchanges O2 and CO2 - fetal kidney- reg fluid volumes and disposes waste metabolites - endocrine gland- syn steroids and proteins
45
birth- occurs when
- 38 wks after fertilization | - 40 wks after last menstrual perioid
46
fetus decides day of parturition
- placenta produces CRH - stim fetal prod of ACTH and fetal adrenals to prod cortisol and estrogen - cortisol- + feedback to inc placental CRH prod - CRH promotes contractions by sensitizing uterus to prostaglandins and oxytocin - estrogens also stim contractions
47
hormonal factors initiating parturition
- estrogen- inc degree of uterine contractility, stim syn of oxytocin Rs - prostaglandins- initiates labor- uterine stretch stim uterine prostaglandin prod - oxytocin- causes uterus to contract - relaxin
48
lactation initiation
- PRL inc - high estrogen and progesterone inhibit onset of lactogenesis- fall following birth - suckling- inhibits hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons
49
- PRL inc - high estrogen and progesterone inhibit onset of lactogenesis- fall following birth - suckling- inhibits hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons
suckling - feedback to hypothalamus to dec dopamine release- removes inhibition- inc in PRL - oxytocin also released- contraction of myoepit basket cells producing milk ejection
50
4 effects of suckling on H release
- suckling stimuli- act afferent neural pathway to spinal cord and then hypothalamus - dopamine release is inhibited- PRL released! - prod and release of oxytocin from post pit - arcuate and preoptic area of hypothalamus inhibited- causes a fall in GnRH- dec LH and FH- inhibits ovarian cycle

Repro Pharm (5 decks)

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