Repro physio + histo

Question 1

Describe how hormones lead to development of male & female genitalia

Answer 1

Male
SRY -> TDF -> Testes
Sertoli cells -> MIS/AMH -> Mullerian duct regress
Leydig cells -> Test -> Wolffian duct dev

Female is lack of both

Question 2

What develops from the Wolffian duct?

Answer 2

Vas deferens
Epididymis
Seminal vesicles

Question 3

What develops from Mullerian duct?

Answer 3

Uterus
Fallopian tube
Upper vagina

Question 4

What causes the external genitalia to develop? (M&F)

Answer 4

DHT / Estradiol

Question 5

What is X0 chromosome called?

Answer 5

Turner syndrome

Question 6

What is XXY chromosome called?

Answer 6

Klinefelter syndrome

Question 7

True hermaphrodite is presence of gonadal tissue & germ cells of both sexes in 1 person, what is pseudohermaphrodism?
Which is more common?

Answer 7

Inconsistency between internal & external genitalia

Question 8

2 Examples of pseudohermaphrodism

Answer 8

AIS
5-alpha-reductase deficiency

Question 9

describe spermatogenesis (making) and spermiogenesis (maturing)

Answer 9

In sertoli cells, FSH triggers production of sperm (spermatogonium -> spermatocyte -> spermatid -> spermatozoon)
ABP from sertoli binds to T from leydig to form a complex, transporting it to the semineferous tubules, where 5-a-reductase makes T into DHT
DHT for dev of prostate to head

Activin stimulates Ant pit
Inhibin & follistatin suppresses Ant pit

FSH and estrogen needed for maturation of sperm

Question 10

5a-reductase deficiency vs AIS

Answer 10

Wolffian structures present vs lack of int structures
Puberty vs no puberty

Question 11

Kallmann syndrome vs Klinefelter/turner syndrome

Answer 11

Low GnRH, FSH, LH vs
normal to elevated GnRH, FSH, LH

Question 12

Describe histology of ovary

Answer 12

On the surface of the ovary, the stroma is much condensed and forms a layer called the tunica albuginea, composed of short connective tissue fibres with fusiform cells between them.
• The cortex contains ovarian follicles in different stages of development.
• The stroma is found throughout the ovary, both in the outer cortex and the inner medulla regions. It provides structural support and a microenvironment for the development and function of ovarian follicles.
• Medulla: The medulla is a loose connective tissue with abundant blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibres.
• Hilum: The hilum is the entry and exit point for blood vessels.

Question 13

What layer surrounds the ovaries? (outside tunica albuginea)

Answer 13

germinal epithelium (misnomer, actl part of visceral peritoneum)

• 90% of ovarian cancers

Question 14

Describe oogenesis

Answer 14

Oogonium -(mitosis)> primary oocyte -> 1st meiotic division (puberty) -> secondary oocyte -> 2nd meiotic division (if fertilised) -> ovum

Question 15

Describe histology of primordial follicle

Answer 15

Primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of follicular cells

Question 16

Describe histology of primary follicle

Answer 16

In to out
Primary oocyte
Zona pellucida
Follicular cells (multiple layers)
Theca cells (stroma)

Question 17

Function of zona pellucida

Answer 17

Prevent polyspermy

Question 18

Describe histology of secondary follicle

Answer 18

In to out
Oocyte
Follicular antrum (fluid) next to oocyte
Granulosa cells (multiple layers, make estrogen)
Theca cells (stroma)

Question 19

Describe histology of Graafian/mature follicle

Answer 19

In to out
oocyte
zona pellucida
corona radiata (protects ovum)
Follicular antrum (big af) next to these
cumulus oophorus (granulosa/follicular cells)

Ovulation - mature follicle ruptures, oocyte + zp + cr expelled into peritoneal cavity

Question 20

What does ruptured follicle become?

Answer 20

Corpus luteum

Question 21

Function of corpus luteum

Answer 21

If fertilisation - produces progesterone to maintain uterine lining by increasing perfusion to spiral arteries

After 3-4 months placenta takes over fx

Question 22

What stops the corpus luteum from degenerating?

Answer 22

hCG produced by syncytiotrophoblastic cells surrounding embryo

Used in pregnancy tests (immunoassay)

Question 23

Risk factors of ectopic pregnancy

Answer 23

Hx of tubal surgeries
Pelvic inflammatory diseases
Contraceptive devices

Question 24

Describe histology of fallopian tube

Answer 24

Simple columnar epithelium
surrounded by circular and longitudinal muscle layers
outer serosa

epithelium
- ciliated cells (move ovum to uterus)
- secretory (peg) cells (nutrients for ovum)

Question 25

Describe histology of uterus

Answer 25

Endometrium (Lined by simple columnar) - Functional layer - Basal layer Myometrium - Progesterone - relaxes - Estrogen - growth + contraction - Oxytocin - contracts harder Perimetrium

Question 26

Describe histology of cervix

Answer 26

Endo (simple columnar epi) Ecto (non keratinized strat squam epi) Btwn is transformation zone (squamo-columnar junction) During menstrual cycle, stroma volume varies, causing TZ to evert - exposed to harsh vaginal env - more susceptible to infection Obstruction of glands = Nabothian cysts During ovulation - watery mucous Luteal phase - viscous mucous

Question 27

Describe histology of vagina

Answer 27

Non-ker strat squam epi Lamina propia (elastic & collagen fibres) Muscular layer - smooth, ill-defined layers Adventitia No glands!

Question 28

Describe histology of breast

Answer 28

In to out Lumen (can have milk) Luminal cells (most malignant cancers) - prolactin (produces milk if at terminal duct lobular unit) Myoepithelial cells - oxytocin Basement membrane

Question 29

What's in breast milk?

Answer 29

Glycogen IgA

Question 30

2 parts of placenta

Answer 30

Fetal - chorionic plate Maternal - decidua basalis

Question 31

What produces what? Hormones in pregnancy. Function?

Answer 31

Progesterone & estrogen (estriol) - early - Corpus luteum - late - placenta Progesterone - support endometrium - INHIBIT myometrial contraction - suppress maternal immune response to fetal antigens Estrogen - Growth of uterus & its blood flow - Enchance fx of progesterone & oxytocin - Fetal dev - Breast cell proliferation & fat deposit Human placental lactogen (hPL) - by syncytiotrophoblasts - support fetal nutrition Prolactin - Ant pit - stimulate milk production Relaxin - Soften cervix, loosen connective tissues of pelvis

Question 32

What makes what + fx of hormones in parturition

Answer 32

Progesterone - inhibit phospholipase A2 -> PGs - suppresses uterine contractions Estrogen - opposite Prostaglandins - by myometrium, decidua, chorion - sharp increase before labour - STARTS uterine contractions + cervical ripening & dilation Oxytocin - pos ant - uterine contraction (MAIN) - milk ejection Relaxin - by corpus luteum & placenta - binds to LGR7 & 8 - pregnancy -> increase cardiac output, renal blood flow, arterial compliance - parturition -> more oxytocin receptor, assist cervical opening & soften pubic symphysis

Question 33

Feedback loop of birth

Answer 33

Fetus head push against cervix Activate stretch receptors Send signal to hypothalamus Secrete oxytocin from Pos Pit Stronger uterine contractions positive feedback loop

Question 34

What does prolactin inhibit

Answer 34

GnRH