Repro Week 2

Question 1

What are the conducing organs?

Answer 1

Uterine tube and uterus

Question 2

What structures come from the paramesonephric duct?

Answer 2

uterine tube, uterus and vagina

Question 3

What is different about the equine ovary?

Answer 3

It has an ovarian fossa, the only place for cortex and where the egg will always ovulate from

Question 4

What is the purpose of the broad ligament?

Answer 4

Supports and suspends ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix and anterior vagina

Question 5

What is the function of the mesosalpinx?

Answer 5

Supports the oviducts and serves as a bursa like pouch surrounding the ovary in some species

Question 6

What are the 3 regions of the uterine tube?

Answer 6

Infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus

Question 7

What is the utero-ovarian countercurrent system?

Answer 7

PGF2 alpha is secreted from the endometrium which passes into the ovarian vein
It diffuses back into the artery, maintains high concentrations of PGF2alpha to the ovary

Question 8

Which species have a bicornuate uterus?

Answer 8

Mare, cow, bitch, queen and sow

Question 9

What is the oestrogen influence on the caudal vagina?

Answer 9

Squamous epithelium thickens

Question 10

Which hormone controls early follicular development?

Answer 10

FSH

Question 11

What hormones to follicles secrete?

Answer 11

Oestrogen and inhibin- negative feedback on pituitary and suppress FSH

Question 12

What change occurs when a dominant follicle is made?

Answer 12

Transition from FSH to LH dependence

Question 13

What is the LH surge to ovulation interval of the cow?

Answer 13

24-30 hours

Question 14

What is different about the bitches luteal development?

Answer 14

It occurs pre ovulatory so there is an earlier progesterone rise. There is hypertrophy and granulosa folds but no follicular collapse. central luteal cavity

Question 15

What is the luteolytic hormone?

Answer 15

PGF2alpha

Question 16

What is the structural mechanism for luteolysis?

Answer 16

Reduced blood flow, increase in macrophages and lymphocytes, apoptosis and tissue resorption

Question 17

What does seasonal polyoestrus mean?

Answer 17

Multiple cycles during 1 season

Question 18

What does lordosis mean?

Answer 18

Receptive to the male

Question 19

What is occuring during pro-oestrus and oestrus?

Answer 19

Follicles are developing and the secrete increasing concentrations of oestradiol- leading to oestrus behaviour

Question 20

What is occuring in metoestrus and dioestrus?

Answer 20

ovarian follicles have ovulated, producing a corpus luteum
CL secretes progesterone into blood, ending with luteolysis by PGF2alpha. During this time follicles develop but fail to ovulate

Question 21

What is the effect of progesterone on a female?

Answer 21

Increased secretion by glands of uterine epithelium
Gland secretions contain nutrients for fertilised oocytes
Prepares uterus for zygote
Behaviour (rejection)

Question 22

What is the oestrus length in the mare and when does ovulation occur?

Answer 22

6 days and last day of oestrus

Question 23

What is the length of oestrus in the cow and when does ovulation occur?

Answer 23

8 hours, 12 hours after end of oestrus

Question 24

What is the duration of oestrus in the bitch?

Answer 24

7-14 days

Question 25

Why are mares a problems for getting pregnant?

Answer 25

Return to oestrus is variable and length of oestrus is variable, so hard to predict time of ovulation

Question 26

What is the best way to detect oestrus in the bitch?

Answer 26

Vaginal cytology or plasma progesterone measurement

Question 27

How might you detect oestrus in cows clinically?

Answer 27

Low plasma/milk progesterone | Detection of large follicle (absence of CL)- palpation of ultrasound

Question 28

What are signs of oesrus in the sow?

Answer 28

Swollen vulva, congested prior to oestrus Seeks boar Stands to be mounted

Question 29

Difference between induced and spontaneous ovulators?

Answer 29

Induced need copulation to result in neuro-endocrine response causing an LH surge and then ovulation, whereas spontaneous ovulation occurs at regular intervals and is hormonally induced

Question 30

What is a silent oestrus?

Answer 30

Ovulation with limited signs of oestrus

Question 31

What stimulates puberty?

Answer 31

Secretion of GnRH at appropriate frequency and quantity to stimulate gonadotropin release at anterior pituitary

Question 32

What is the difference between pre puberty and post puberty hormones in the female?

Answer 32

In pre puberty, only tonic LH pulses occur as frequency of GnRH pulses is too low to produce a surge Oestradiol levels are also low

Question 33

What factors effect female puberty?

Answer 33

Season Photoperiod at puberty Presence or absence of opposite sex at puberty Density of same sex groups

Question 34

Average age of puberty in the cow?

Answer 34

11 months (male and female)

Question 35

What is the effect of melatonin in a long day breeder?

Answer 35

Represses reproduction

Question 36

What is the natural breeding season of sheep?

Answer 36

October to february

Question 37

What is the time for uterine involution in the bitch?

Answer 37

90 days

Question 38

What is the hormone profile of an animal in anoestrus?

Answer 38

Low progesterone and low oestradiol

Question 39

Where are the testis in birds?

Answer 39

Intraabdominal, cranioventral to first kidney lobe

Question 40

What are the different stages of ovarian follicles?

Answer 40

Numerous small white, large number of small yellow, 10 yolky

Question 41

What is lacking in avian eggs?

Answer 41

No zona pellucida, membrana granulosa or cumulus oophorus

Question 42

What do granulosa cells produce in birds?

Answer 42

Progesterone

Question 43

What is the open period?

Answer 43

Window of time for LH release, lasts 8-10 hours and starts at onset of darkness -> 1 hour after light onset

Question 44

What leads to ovulation in birds?

Answer 44

High levels of progesterone during open period, LH surge

Question 45

How long can sperm be stored in female birds?

Answer 45

10-14 days

Question 46

Where are the gonads located in snakes?

Answer 46

Caudal to gall bladder