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Physiology 1B > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

How is sex determined in humans?

A

Presence of SRY gene on y chromosome

Produces testes determining factor which results in testes

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2
Q

What are some sex chromosome abnormalities?

A

Turners syndrome- female phenotype by XO/no second sex chromosome
Klinefelters syndrome- male phenotype but some female characteristics, XXY chromosomes
Androgen insensitivity syndrome- inability to respond to androgens, male genotype but female phenotype

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3
Q

List the stuructures in the female reproductive system

A 
Uterine tube
Uterus
Ovaries
Cervix
Vagina
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4
Q

What are the functions of the ovary?

A

Gamete production

Hormone production

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5
Q

What is the importance of oestrus?

A

Occurs before ovulation so increases chance of successful fertilisation

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6
Q

Define oogenesis

A

Formation of ovum

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7
Q

What are the reproductive hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH
LH
Prolactin

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8
Q

During follicle development what causes the switch from negative to positive feedback of oestrogen on hypothalamus hormones?

A

Prolonged oestrogen
Oestrogen acts on alpha and beta receptors
GnRH neurones have beta receptors which mediate negative feedback on tonic GnRH release
GnRH have no alpha receptors but intermediate neurones with alpha neurones synapse to GnRH increasing GnRH pulses

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9
Q

Where are oestrogen, progesterone and inhibin secreted from?

A

Ovaries

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10
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

GnRH

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11
Q

How are FSH and LH released and what triggers it?

A

Tonic or surge release

GnRH induces it

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12
Q

Describe the pulsatile release of GnRH in the follicular and luteal phases

A

Follicular phase- increased frequency of GnRH pulses increases FSH and LH. FSH promotes follicle development so increased oestrogen by follicle
Luteal phase- reduces frequency of GnRH pulses so fall in FSH and LH. Increased progesterone from corpus luteum

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13
Q

What are the effects of oestrogens in the female reproductive system?

A

Oviduct- increased secretions, cilia and muscle activity
Cervix- cervical muscle relaxes, thinner alkaline secretions
Mammary glands- primes glandular tissue
Uterus- increases myometrium activity, number and size of glands and watery secretion and induced synthesis of progesterone receptors

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14
Q

What are the effects of progesteragens in the female reproductive system?

A

Oviduct- reduced secretions, muscle activity and cilia
Cervix- firmer cervix, thick acidic secretions
Mammary glands- glandular tissue growth
Uterus- reduced myometrium activity, glandular growth, thick secretions

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15
Q

What is the main hormonal control of the female reproductive system and how does it change?

A

FSH and LH

Prolactin switches it to progesterone

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16
Q

Explain how ovulation takes place

A

LH surge induces protease and collagenous activity in follicles
Increase in follicular activity
Granulosa cell layer thins
Stigma forms then ruptures releasing oocyte

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17
Q

How does the oocyte move down the uterine tube?

A

Ampulla- cilia

Isthmus- muscular contractions

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18
Q

What lines the uterine tube?

A

Ciliated and secretory epithelium

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19
Q

Where is the oocyte held until fertilisation and how does this happen?

A

At the ampulla isthmus junction by a physiological sphincter which only opens at high progesterone

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20
Q

How does the corpus luteum form?

A

Follicle collapses after ovulation
Granulosa and theca interna cells form the corpus luteum
Blood vessels invade theca
Cells switch to progesterone synthesising by two cell hypothesis
Cells stop dividing and undergo luteinisation to transform to lutein cells

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21
Q

Why is luteolysis needed?

A

When no pregnancy to allow another follicular phase to occur by reducing levels of progesterone

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22
Q

List the components of the male reproductive system

A 
Testes
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Urethra
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands
Penis
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23
Q

What are the functions of the testes?

A

Hormone production

Sperm production

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24
Q

Define spermatogenesis

A

Development of sperm cells

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25
Where does spermatogenesis take place?
Seminiferous tubules with steroli cells providing nourishment
26
What is the purpose of the blood testes barrier in spermatogeneses?
Mitosis occurs below and meiosis occurs above junction so the sperm are protected from the immune system Allows different seminiferous tubular fluid environments for late stages of spermatogenesis
27
How does sperm move through the epididymis?
Cilia and contraction of smooth muscle, sensitive to oxytocin
28
What are the functions of the epididymis?
Mature sperm to make motile and fertile Concentrate sperm Store in tail for release Phagocytose in times of abstinence
29
Define spermeogenesis
Non-motile round cells converting to motile cells
30
What takes place in spermeogenesis?
Condensation of nucleus Acrosome formation Flagellogenesis
31
What is the morphology of sperm?
Head- highly condensed chromatin covered in acrosomal cap Midpiece- mitochondria spiral Tail- 9+2 microtubule arrangement responsible for motility
32
How does sperm have motility?
Motor protein dynein attach to adjactent microtubules with Ca2+ dependent ATPase activity ATP hydrolysis causes microtubules to slide past each other causing flagella to bend Sequential activation generates wave of bending
33
How long do spermatogenesis cycles take?
64 days
34
What secretes testosterone?
Leydig cells in seminiferous tubules interstitium
35
How is testosterone mainly found in plasma?
Bound to albumin or sex hormone binding protein
36
What are the roles of hormones in spermatogenesis?
Androgen binding protein is in adluminal space Testosterone alone is not enough for spermatogenesis GnRH releases FSH FSH acts on steroli cells and binds to androgen binding protein Spermatogenesis increased Vitamin A also aids the process
37
What are the effects of testosterone?
``` Testes development and descent Genital tract development Enlarging genital tract Libido Masculine behaviour Secondary sexual characteristics Maintain sexual activity Spermatogenesis ```
38
How does sperm travel along the ductus deferens?
Muscular contractions
39
What is the components of seminal fluid?
``` High fructose concentration Buffer Glycoprotiens to coat sperm head Coagulants to plug further sperm penetration Leukocytes ```
40
Describe how errection happens
Parasympathetic reflex response dilates arteries Veins get compressed Penis becomes turgid
41
What arteries are involved in errection?
Helicine artery, branches of main artery
42
What substances/molecules causes dilation of helicine artery in erection?
Acetylcholine Vasoactive peptide Nitrous oxide
43
Describe how seminal emission happens
Sympathetic outflow to epididymis tail, ductus deferens and accessory glands increase Contents get expelled into pelvic urethra Stimulates for ejaculation
44
How does ejaculation take place?
Rhythmic contractions of urethra under somatic control causes ejaculation
45
What causes uneven mixing of semen?
Emission and ejaculation overlap
46
How do cervical secretions vary under oestrogens and progesterone?
Oestrogen- water alkaline fluid so hospitable to sperm | Progesterone- thick, acidic, impermeable secretions
47
How does sperm move into the uterus from the vagina and once in the vagina?
Uterine muscular contractions causing negative pressure pulling Then move by own propulsion aided by current of fluid by uterine cilia
48
How do sperm move alone uterine tube?
Swim to isthmus ampullary junction attracted by chemical from oocyte
49
How does capacitation happen and why is it important?
Exposure of sperm to female reproductive tract changes sperm membrane to enable acrosome reaction and activate tail for whiplash motions Needed for fertilisation
50
How is the corpus luteum lifespan increased to extend past the time it takes for implantation?
Unimplanted embryo extends by producing HCG that prevent luteolysis until placenta is established the life to maintain progesterone levels
51
What are the endometrium requirements for implantation?
Primed by oestrogens to thicken lining | High progesterone to limit contractions
52
What are the hormones produced by the placenta?
HCG- prolongs corpus luteum lifespan Oestrogen- stimulates uterine growth and development Progesterone- stabilises uterus Human placental lactogen- growth hormone like activity
53
What are the changes that happen to the human body in pregnancy?
Uterus expands x1000 Blood volume, heart workload and kidney filtering increases Average weight gain 10-15kg
54
What are the stages of labour?
Stage 1-uterine contractions, foetus positions, cervix dilates and softens Stage 2- foetus expelled, uterus sensitive to oxytocin Stage 3- placenta expelled, uterus contracts to prevent blood loss
55
What is needed for parturition to take place?
Softened cervix | Coordinated contractions of myometrium
56
What stimulates lactation?
Sudden decline in oestrogen, progesterone | Increased prolactin by suckling
57
Describe the structure of mammary glands
Glandular tissue arranged in alveoli and clusters | Milk secreting cells are single epithelial layer surrounded by myoepithelial cells to contract for secretion
58
What initiates milk ejection reflex?
Suckling
59
How is milk production and excretion maintained?
Production- prolactin and suckling | Excretion- oxytocin or conditioned relflex without stimulation
60
What is the ideal contraceptive?
``` 100% effective Safe Effective Reversible No side effects Easy to use ```
61
How do hormonal contraceptives work?
Target negative feedback of hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis
62
Why can lactational amenorrhea happen?
Suckling supresses follicular development as it disrupts pulsatile GnRH so there is no LH surge interfering with corpus luteum
63
How does the combined pill work?
Negative feedback on gonadotrophs so inhibit production of LH and FSH so ovulation inhibited
64
How does progesterone pill work?
Cervical mucus stays hostile
65
What are the main causes of infertility?
``` Declines after 35 years old Female tract disorders Ovulation disorders Poor sperm quality unexplained ```
66
What are the dangers of assistive fertility techniques?
Multiple babies Ovarian hyperstimulation Low birth weights Congenital abnormalities
67
How do fertility drugs work?
Anti-oestrogens block oestrogen receptors in hypothalamus so LH and FSH increases allowing ovulation Gonadotrophins- stimulate follicular growth
68
Explain the process of IVF
Natural cycle supressed with GnRH agonist to prevent LH surge and early ovulation Ovarian hyperstimulation by FSH then LH injections to mature follicles Eggs collected, incubated and fertilised Implanted at 4 cell stage Progesterone given to help
69
Define luteolysis
Cell death of corpus luteum cells
70
Define decidual cell reaction
Membranes break down where they come into contact with each other to form single multinucleated cell

Physiology 1B (4 decks)

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