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HUBS192 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the regions of the pelvis

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

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2
Q

what is the difference between the female and male pelvis?

A

female pelvic inlet is oval shaped, male pelvic inlet is heart

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3
Q

perineum

A

area inferior to pelvic floor and between upper regions of thighs

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4
Q

what does the male perineum include

A

external genitalia and anus

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5
Q

urogenital triangle

A

anterior half of the perineum, urethral opening and external genitalia

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6
Q

anal triangle

A

posterior half of the perineum, anal canal and fat

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7
Q

Internal reproductive organs are found in cavity enclosed by the ??pelvis

A

true/lesser

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8
Q

The external genitalia is found in the ?? triangle of the perineal region

A

urogenital

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9
Q

Openings in the male pelvis floor include the ? and ??

A

urethra, anus

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10
Q

Openings in the female pelvic floor include the ?, ?, ?

A

urethra, anus, vagina

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11
Q

what is the male reproductive system made of

A

testes, epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

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12
Q

what does the scrotum contain?

A

testes, epididymis, and spermatic cord

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13
Q

Why does the scrotum hold the testes outside the core of the body?

A

sperm prefer lower temperature than body temp (34 vs 37)

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14
Q

what feature allows for heat conservation in the scrotum?

A

superficial fascia of scrotum contains dartos muscle which wrinkles skin of scrotum when it contracts

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15
Q

what do the testes produce?

A

sperm, testosterone, inhibin

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16
Q

what are the major cells of the testes and what are their features?

A
  • leydig cells (interstitial endocrine cells) produce testosterone
  • sertoli cells produce inhibin
  • spermatogenic cells undergo meisosis to form spermatozoa
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17
Q

spermatic cord

A

extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle

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18
Q

what is the function of the cremaster muscle surrounding the spermatic cord?

A

when it contracts it draws the testes closer to the body for protection or warmth

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19
Q

where do sperm form?

A

seminiferous tubules

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20
Q

ductus deferens

A

carries sperm from epididymis to urethra

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21
Q

ejaculatory ducts

A

Formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla, Opens in the prostatic urethra

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22
Q

what are the 3 sections of male urethra

A

prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile/spongy urethra

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23
Q

what is the epithelium change in the urethra (male)

A

transitional, columnar, stratified squamous

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24
Q

what prevents sperm from ending up in the bladder during ejaculation?

A

internal urethral sphincter closes during ejaculation

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25
what are the 3 regions of the epididymis?
head, body, tail
26
what hormone do interstitial endocrine Leydig cells produce?
testosterone
27
what are the three erectile tissues of the penis
2 corpora caveronsa, 1 corpus songiosum
28
which is the main erectile tissue of the penis?
corpora cavernosa
29
which erectile tissue forms the bulb and glans of the penis?
corpus spongiosum
30
where are the 2 seminal vesicles located?
posterior to bladder, lateral to ampulla
31
which accessory gland produces 60% of the viscous secretion of ejaculate
seminal vesicles
32
the duct of each seminal vesicle merges with the ?? on that side to form an ejaculatory duct
ampulla
33
the seminal vesicle secretion contains?
fructose to nourish sperm, alkaline pH to neutralise acidic environment of urethra and vagina
34
what does the prostate gland secrete
slightly acidic milky fluid, comprising 30% of ejaculate
35
what enzyme does prostate gland secrete and what does it contribute to?
prostate specific antigen, contributes to sperm activation, viability and motility
36
the bulbourethral glands are located in the ??? diaphram and open into the ??
urogenital, spongy
37
spermatogenesis
formation of male halploid sex cells, spermatozoa from spermatogonia
38
spermiogenesis
the process of maturation from immature spermatids to mature spermatozoa
39
which glands contributes 5% of volume of ejaculate?
bulbourethral glands
40
gonadotropin
any hormone that stimulates the gonads
41
which cell secretes inhibin?
nurse/sertoli cells
42
which two hormones are secreted by anterior pituitary
LH, FSH
43
What does FSH stimulate in males?
spermatogenesis
44
what does LH stimulate in males and in which cells?
production of testosterone in leydig cells
45
which two hormones control spermatogenesis?
FSH, testosterone
46
which hormone from sertoli cells inhibits FSH?
inhibin
47
which hormone supresses LH and GnRH
testosterone
48
clit
complex erectile organ, sits anterior to urethra
49
what does the female urogenital triangle contain?
external genitalia, vulva, urethral and vagina openings
50
what is the function of the vestibular glands?
Produce mucous like fluid for lubrication
51
what are the 3 parts of the uterine tube
infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
52
which part of the uterine tube is most lateral?
infundibulum
53
which part of uterine tube is the longest region and most dilated?
ampulla
54
what are the 3 parts of cervix
external os, cervical canal, internal os
55
the cervical canal provide a passage between the ?? and??
uterine cavity and vagina
56
3 layers of uterus/womb
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
57
which layer is the middle layer and describe it
myometrium, smooth muscle, thickest
58
endometrium of uterus?
site of implantation in female, | inner layer, columnar epithelium, uterine glands and arteries
59
female gonad is the?
ovary
60
location of ovary?
both sides in pelvic cavity
61
the ovary is the site of?
oogenesis
62
where do ovaries get their blood supply from?
abdominal aorta via ovarian arteries
63
what does the outer cortex of the ovary contain
follicles
64
what does the inner medulla of ovary contain?
blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, connective tissue
65
what are the 3 female reproductive ligaments
broad, ovarian, suspensory
66
suspensory ligament
ovary attached to lateral wall of pelvis
67
What does the broad ligament contain?
uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries
68
the broad ligament forms...
mesovarium, masosalpinx, mesometrium
69
over ovarian = which broad ligament form?
mesovarium
70
over uterine tube = which broad ligament form?
mesosalpinx
71
over the uterus = which broad ligament form?
mesometrium
72
Ovarian ligament connects?
ovary to uterus
73
structure of the breasts
- lie on pectoralis major muscle | - suspensory ligaments support the glands
74
what is the pathway through the mammary gland?
lobes, lobules, alveoli, lactiferous ducts, lactiferous sinuses that open at nipple pores
75
whcih two hormones stimulate development of breast tissue?
estradiol, progesterone
76
oogenesis?
formation and development of oocyte from oogonia
77
menarche
onset of menstrual cycle
78
menopause
cessation of menstruation, levels of estradiol and progesterone decrease
79
2 phases of ovarian cycle
follicular phase and luteal phase
80
follicular phase
- increase in FSH from anterior pituitary stimulates follicle growth - these follicles secrete estradiol and inhibin and negative FB leads to decrease in FSH - growing follicles undergo atresia except dominant follicle - follicle matures and begins to protude on surface of ovary - high estradiol stimulates LH surge so follicle ruptures - day 14 oocyte released into petioneal space and fimbriae guide to uterine tube
81
luteal phase
- ovulated follicle collapses to form corpus luteum - secretes progesterone, estradiol and inhibin, therefore, decreasing FSH and LH - increase in progesterone stimulates development of the endometrium - if fertilisation doesn't occur, corpus luteum involutes, LH, progesterone, estradiol decrease
82
what are the 2 phases of the menstrual cycle - lining of uterus
proliferative, secretory
83
which hormone causes proliferation of endometrium
estradiol
84
the ?? breaks down and bleeds during menstruation- menstrual cycle
endometrium
85
after ovulation corpus luteum secretes
progesterone
86
GnRH controls release of which two hormones
FSH, LH
87
what does FSH stimulate?
growth of ovarian follicles
88
estradiol assists what growth -
follicle growth (with FSH), bone and muscle, endometrial growth
89
granulosa cells secrete?
inhibin
90
what is the function of hormone inhibin?
negative feedback to suppress FSH
91
corpus luteum secretes -
progesterone
92
progesterone provides negative feedback to suppress?
GnRH, therefore LH and FSH
93
describe nerve supply of penis
innervated by sensory nerve fibres and motor nerves, sensitive to touch, pressure, temp
94
autonomic innervation to penis is derrived from?
pelvic plexus
95
the pudenal nerve supplies?
sensory and somatic motor innervation to perineum and external genitalia
96
Is an erection sympathetic or parasympathetic?
parasympathetic
97
Is ejaculation sympathetic or parasympathetic?
sympathetic
98
erection nerve supply
stimulates production of nitric oxide by deep arteries, they dilate and fill corpora cavernosum tissues
99
sympathetic reaction of ejaculation stimulates contraction of?? in ?? and around ??
smooth muscle, ductus deferens, accessory glands
100
what stimulates contraction of skeletal muscle around bulb of penis
somatic motor ejaculation
101
two phases of ejaculation
emission and expulsion
102
emission - sympathetic or para?
symp
103
how does emission occur - ejaculation
smooth muscle of ductus deferens contracts to move sperm into ampulla, smooth muscle of ampulla, seminal vesicles and prostate gland contract moving sperm and seminal fluid to urethra
104
how does expulsion occur?
semen in urethra activates somatic and sympathetic responses, contractions of urethral smooth muscles and pelvic floor muscles contract in response to pudenal nerve stimulation
105
engorgement of clit with blood as well as labia and vagina is a ?? response and stimulation
autonomic parasympathetic stimulation
106
insemination
semen released into upper part of vagina
107
why are the testicular arteries long
testes originally develop up and migrate down
108
vascular supply of penis
abdominal aorta, common iliac artery, internal iliac artery, internal pudenal artery
109
examples of barrier methods
caps, diaphragms
110
condom benefits
cheap, easy, std
111
combined oral contraceptives
estrogen and progestin, suppress ovulation, affects mucus
112
progestin-only pills
only progestin, affect cervical mucus, inplant/injection, disrupt follicular growth

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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