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biology > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of plant repro

A

Asexual and sexual reproduction

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2
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A
  • involves fusion of the nuclei of male and female gametes
  • 2 parents
  • non-identical offspring
  • Genetic variation in population means that offspring are more likely to adapt to changes in the environment
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3
Q

Define asexual reproduction

A
  • no gametes (sex cell)
  • one parent
  • genetically identical offspring
  • does not results in genetic variation in the population, hence, offspring are less likely to survive changes in the environment/less likely to adapt to changes in the environment.
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4
Q

Can plants undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction

A

Flowering plants are sexually reproducing plants.
Flowers can have either male or female parts
Flowers produce gametes

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5
Q

What are some plants including flowering plants that don’t rely on flowers to reproduce?

A

They reproduce through vegetative propagation
- potato( grow underground, stems store food)
- banana( plants grow off small shoots called “suckers” from the parent plant)
- strawberry (cutting system- a new plant can be grown from a cutting of the plant itself)

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6
Q

Label the flower

A

https://drive.google.com/file/d/18QInQDbDkR7rnT9AyuIf5k21mhQo3UhS/view?usp=drivesdk

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7
Q

What is the function of the sepals

A

sepals are modified leaves which enclose and protect the other parts of the flower in the bud stage.
the sepals usually form the outermost layer of floral leaves

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8
Q

What is the function of the petals

A

for insect pollinated flowers, petals:
- petals are brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination; and
- provide a platform for insects to land on

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9
Q

What is the function of the anthers

A

The anther produced pollen grains. when the anther matures, it splits open to release the pollen grains.

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10
Q

What is the function of carpels

A

carpels are the female part of a flower, it consists of an ovary, a style above the ovary, and one or more stigmas

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11
Q

What is self-pollination?

A

It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the
same flower or of a different flower of the same plant.

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12
Q

What is cross-pollination?

A

It is the transfer of pollen grains from one plant to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same species.

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13
Q

Outline the process of pollination

A

Pollination of Clitoria
1. When an insect such as a bee visits the flower, it lands on the standard petal.
3. The insect forces its way in between the two wing petals and moves in to collect the nectar.
4. The insect’s back forces the keel petal upwards to expose the stigma and the anthers. The stigma and anthers brush against the hairy back of the insect. When this happens, some pollen grains from the anther stick to the hairy back of the insect. At the same time, pollen grains on the insect’s back (from another flower which the insect had visited earlier) are transferred to the sticky stigma.
5. When the insect leaves the flower, the keel petal springs back to its original position to enclose the stamens and the stigma again.
Although the flower is well adapted to insect pollination, self-pollination can
still occur.

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14
Q

Pollination vs fertilisation

A

Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains form an anther to a stigma
Fertilisation is the fusion of a male nucleus with an egg cell in the ovule

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15
Q

Define fertilisation?

A

The fusion of the nucleus of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

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16
Q

define pollination

A

pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.

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17
Q

describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule followed by fertilisation

A

After pollination, the pollen grain germinates after it comes into contact with the stigma, in response to the sugary fluid secreted by the mature stigma.A pollen tube grows out from each pollen grain. The male gametes enter the pollen tube.
As the pollen tube grows, it secretes enzymes to digest the surrounding tissue of the stigma and style. Thus, the pollen tube grows down the style into the ovary.The pollen tube enters the ovule through an opening in the ovule wall called the micropyle.
Within the ovule, the tip of the pollen tube absorbs sap and bursts, releasing the two male gametes. The nucleus of one male gamete fuses with the nucleus of the ovum to form the zygote.This is fertilisation.

18
Q

label the female reproductive system

A
19
Q

Label the male reproductive system

A

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qsbfY2HhzoZBRUKo16Cf2I0lgYX_T0eh/view?usp=drivesdk

20
Q

function of ovaries

A

ovaries produce eggs, and hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone

21
Q

function of oestrogen

A

repairs and maintains the uterine linning

22
Q

function of progesterone

A

maintains the thickening of the uterine linning

23
Q

function of the oviducts

A

oviduct is a narrow muscular tube leading from the ovary to the uterus
- fertilization happens in the oviduct

24
Q

function of the uterus

A

location of where the embryo implants, and foetus develops during pregnancy

25
Q

function of the cervix- can’t find the function, so here are some facts of the cervix(if u can find pls help to edit;))

A
  • the cervix is the lower part of the uterus where it joins the vagina
  • its the opening that allows menstrual blood to flow out of the vagina during mensuration,
26
Q

function of the vagina

A

semen is deposited in the vagina during sexual intercourse
- Fact: the opening of the vagina is called the vulva

27
Q

function of testes

A

produces sperm and sex hormones such as testosterone

28
Q

function of testosterone

A

responsible for the development and maintenance of the secondary sexual characteristics in males

secondary sexual characteristics: Secondary sexual characteristics in males are physical traits and characteristics that typically develop during puberty and distinguish males from females.

29
Q

function of scrotum

A

pouch-like sacs
Qn: why are the scrotums outside of the main body cavity?
Ans: As sperms can only develop properly at a temperature slightly lower than that of the body.

30
Q

function of sperm ducts

A

After sperms are released from a testies, they travel through a sperm duct

31
Q

function of prostate glands

A

the prostate gland and the cowper’s gland secrete a fluid(semen) which mixes with the sperms, the fluid contains nutrients and enzymes which nourish the sperms and stimulate them to swim actively
- the prostate gland is at the base of the urinary bladder, where the 2 sperm ducts join the urethra.

32
Q

function of urethra

A

the tube which passes from the bladder through the centre of the penis to the body

33
Q

function of penis

A

the penis enters the vagina during sexual intercourse to deposit semen, containing sperm

34
Q

how does the sperm move from the testies to out of the body?

A

testis> epididymis> sperm duct>
urethra >outside

35
Q

from day __to__ does mensuration occur?

A

day 1-5

36
Q

what happens from day 6 to 15?

A

repair of uterine lining
oestrogen is secreted form the ovaries, causing the repair and growth of the uterine linning.

37
Q

when is the fertile period(during this period, sperms in vagina are likely to cause fertilisation)

A

day 11-15

38
Q

when does ovulation approximately occur?

A

day 14
ovulation is when the egg has reached the fallopian tube

39
Q

what happens from day 16- 28?

A

Progesterone is secreted from the ovaries, and uterine lining thickens further and becomes well-supplied with blood capillaries, preparing the uterus for implantation of the embryo

40
Q

how does AIDS and HIV spread?

A

when blood from an infected person gets into the bloodstream of an uninfected person

41
Q

how to prevent the spread of HIV?

A
  • avoid sexual intercourse with an infected person
  • avoid sharing needles with an infected person,
  • keep to one sex partner
  • males should wear a condom during sexual intercourse.
42
Q

process from fertilization to a baby?

A

fertilization of gametes> zygote> impanation> Development of embryo> Fetus> baby

biology (9 decks)

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