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Reproduction Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

The process that results in genetically identical offspring from 1 parent

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2
Q

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Faster
  • More energy efficent
  • Only 1 parent required
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3
Q

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Limited Genetic Diversity
  • Cant Adapt
  • Overpopulation
  • Disease is likely to affect the whole population
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4
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

The production of two genetically different offspring from the fusion of the nuclei from two gametes

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5
Q

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Genetic Diversity
  • Adaptation
  • Diseases are less likely to impact
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6
Q

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Two parents required
  • Fewer offspring produced
  • Takes time and energy to find mates
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7
Q

Fertilisation

A

the fusion of the nucleus of male and female gametes.

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8
Q

Gametes

A

A gamete is a sex cell (in animals: sperm and ovum; in plants pollen nucleus and ovum)

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9
Q

Adaptations of Sperm

A
  • Has Tail (enables it to swim)
  • Contains enzymes in the acrosome (To digest through the jelly coat of the egg cell)
  • Contains many mitochondria (provides energy from respiration)
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10
Q

Adaptations of Egg

A
  • Cytoplasm (provides energy to divide the zygote)
  • Jelly Coating (prevents too many sperm from getting to the egg at the same time)
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11
Q

Sepal

A

Protect unopened plant/flower

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12
Q

Petal

A

Often large and colored: to attract insects

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13
Q

Anther

A

Produces and releases pollen (male sex cell)

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14
Q

Stigma

A

Sticky surface of the ovary which collects pollen grains

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15
Q

Ovary

A

Contains ovum (female sex cell)

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16
Q

Ovule

A

develops into seed when fertilised

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17
Q

Pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

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18
Q

Pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

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19
Q

Self-Pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or different flower of the same plant

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20
Q

Cross-Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species

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21
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Self-Pollination

A

↑ chance of fertilisation and successful pollination
↓ time taken
↓ variation in offspring
↓ adaptability to environment

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22
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cross-Pollination

A

↓ chance of fertilisation and successful pollination
↑ time taken
↑ variation in offspring
↑ adaptability to environment

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23
Q

Germination

Study These Flashcards
A

the start of plant growth from a seed

24
Q

What is needed for a successful germination?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Water = To hydrate and mobilise enzymes
  • Warmth = To enable enzymes to work
  • Oxygen = For aerobic respiration to supply energy for growth
25
Testis
Produces testosterone, Contained in scrotum
26
Scrotum
Sac supporting the testes outside the body to ensure sperm is kept at room temp
27
Sperm Duct
Sperm passes through the duct to be mixed with fluids before being passed into the urethra for ejaculation
28
Prostate Gland
Produces Semen
29
Urethra
Tube running down the centre of the penis to carry semen or urine
30
Penis
Passes urine out of body from bladder Allow semen to be passed into vagina
31
Oviduct
Connects the ovary to the uterus and is where fertilisation occurs
32
Ovary
Contains ova which will mature and develop when hormones are released
33
Uterus
Where the zygote will be implanted to develop into a foetus
34
Cervix
Keeps the fetus in place during pregnancy
35
Vagina
Where the penis will enter and where sperm will be deposited during intercourse
36
What are necessary conditions needed for a foetus to grow within a womb?
- Oxygen - Warmth - Nutrients - Waste Removal
37
Umbilical Cord
allows the exchange of substances between the foetus and the mother through the cord.
38
Placenta
* allows for exchange between the mother and foetus * separates mother's blood supply from the foetus’ blood supply
39
Amniotic Sac
Surrounds the foetus and produces amniotic fluid
40
Amniotic Fluid
protects the fetus
41
How often does a menstrual cycle happen and last?
The menstrual cycle happens approximately every 28 days and lasts around 5 - 7 days.
42
What happens on day 1-4 of the menstrual cycle?
Menstruation
43
What causes menstruation?
Failure to fertilise the egg causes menstruation, caused by the breakdown of the thickened uterus lining.
44
What happens on day 4-14 of the menstrual cycle?
Uterus lining grows in order to prepare for ovulation
45
What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation (egg is released from ovaries)
46
What happens on day 14-28 of the menstrual cycle?
The uterus lining is maintained
47
FSH
triggers the egg maturation, and also stimulates oestrogen production in the ovaries.
48
LH
Stimulates ovulation at its peak, and, results in the formation of corpus luteum
49
Progestrone
responsible for maintaining the thick uterus lining and inhibits FSH & LH production
50
Oestrogen
* Main female sex hormone * Development of secondary sexual characteristics in females and controls menstrual cycle
51
What is a sexually transmitted disease/infection (STD/STI)
a infection caused through unprotected intercourse, which can lead to transfer of pathogens via exchange of body fluids
52
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency disease
53
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
54
Methods of STI/STD Transmission
- Unprotected intercourse - Sharing needles - Blood Product - Mother to fetus via placenta
55
Methods of STI/STD Prevention
- Not having unprotected intercourse - Limiting no. of sexual partners - Getting tested if above 2 happen - Raising awareness
56
How does HIV impact the immune system
HIV destroys the body’s immune system by attacking lymphocytes in the blood system, as a result, the number of lymphocytes decreases, which can lead to the WBC having a reduced ability to produce antibiotics and, therefore, compromised immunity.
57
Why vaccine is ineffective/Why is HIV uncurable
HIV is incurable because a vaccine only boosts your immune system, but because, HIV destroys your immune system, there will be no use of vaccine

Biology (9 decks)

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