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Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

Process gametes are produced by in the gonads of an organism
Male humans - spermatogenesis
Female humans - oogenesis

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2
Q

Fimbriae, ampulla is where fusion occurs mostly

A
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3
Q

What is the average length of menstrual cycle in a human?

A

28 days

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4
Q

What regulates gametogenesis?

A

Hormones produced by the brain

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5
Q

How many oocytes are in each follicle?

A

1

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6
Q

What does a primary follicle develop from?

A

Primordial follicle

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7
Q

What is the relationship between the follicle and the ovum?

A

Follicle contains immature ovum

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8
Q

What does the follicle degenerate into once it has ruptured?

A

Early corpus luteum

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9
Q

What does a corpus luteum become?

A

Corpus albicans, if pregnancy does not occur. If pregnant… X hormone released so the follicle continues to release Y

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10
Q

What is the progression from primordial follicle to corpus albicans?

A

Primordial follicle
Primary follicle
Developing follicle
Mature follicle
Ruptured follicle (immature ovum released)
Early corpus luteum
Corpus luteum
Corpus albicans

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11
Q

When does oogenesis begin?

A

In fetal life

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12
Q

When is oogenesis complete?

A

After fertilisation, when the oocyte becomes an ovum

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13
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

The layer of protein covering the oocyte

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14
Q

What is the process of generating a follicle called?

A

Folliculogenesis

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15
Q

When does mitosis occur in oogenesis?
What does it produce?

A

First step - first division, during fetal life

Oogonium stem cell produces daughter oogonium

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16
Q

When does Meiosis I occur in oogenesis?
What does it produce?

A

3rd step, second division, after puberty

Primary oocyte produces secondary oocyte and first polar body

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17
Q

When does Meiosis II occur in oogenesis?
What does it produce?

A

4th step, 3rd division, after fertilisation

Secondary oocyte produces an ovum and a second polar body

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18
Q

What are the 4 steps to oogenesis?

A

Mitosis
Growth
Mitosis I
Mitosis II

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19
Q

What are the cells produced throughout oogenesis?

A

Oogonium
Daughter oogonium
Primary oocyte
Secondary oocyte (+ first polar body)
Ovum (+ second polar body)

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20
Q

What is a Graafian follicle?

A

a mature follicle

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21
Q

What surrounds the oocyte when it is released by the follicle?

A

Zona pellucida - glycoproteins
Corona radiata - granulose cells

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22
Q

From what sites are hormones released from for control of the menstrual cycle?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain
Ovary and endometrium in the reproductive organs

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23
Q

Which hormones in the menstrual cycle are released by the anterior pituitary gland?
By the hypothalamus?

A

FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone

GnRH

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24
Q

Which hormones are released by the ovary in the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone - from empty follicle

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25
What is the action of GnRH in the menstrual cycle?
Stimulates the pituitary gland (to release FSH)
26
What is the action of FSH in the menstrual cycle?
Stimulates the follicle to mature in the ovaries Stimulates release of oestrogen from ovaries
27
What is the action of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?
Slows production of FSH, stimulates production of LH (LH surge) Stimulates endometrium to proliferate (begin proliferatory phase
28
What is the action of LH in the menstrual cycle?
Causes OVULATION
29
What does the LH surge cause in female?
ovulation
30
What is the action of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?
Slows LH Causes endometrium to secrete lots of different molecules (secretory phase)
31
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy doesn't occur?
It regresses and forms corpus albicans
32
What is the approximate window of time that a woman is fertile for in the ~28 day cycle?
~ 5 days
33
What is the action of hCG in the menstrual cycle?
Prevents menstruation Thickens endometrium further
34
What causes hCG to be released in females?
Fertilisation
35
What is ejaculate a mixture of?
Spermatozoa Seminal plasma
36
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Testis
37
What 3 glands are in the male reproductive tract?
Prostate gland Seminal vesicle glands Bulbourethral gland
38
How is the blood-testis barrier formed?
Tight junctions between sertoli cells - separates sperm from immune system
39
What do the seminiferous tubules drain into (male)?
Network called rete testis
40
Where are leydig/interstitial cells? What do leydig/interstitial cells produce?
In clusters between seminiferous tubules Testosterone
41
What is the function of sertoli cells?
Promote sperm cell development Blood-testis barrier formed by tight junctions between them
42
How is the pampinform plexus in males different?
Blood supply to testes needs to be 2' lower than normal body temperature so the arterial blood flow cools as it exits the body into the scrotum Heat is transferred from descending arterial blood to ascending (cooled) venous blood Venous blood carries away heat
43
What are the sperm stem cells called?
Spermatogonia
44
What 2 kinds of daughter cells do spermatogonia produce?
type A - remain outside blood-testis barrier and produce more daughter cells until death type B - differentiate into primary spermatocytes
45
Which type of daughter cell eventually differentiates into primary spermatocytes?
Type B
46
Where do type B cells have to move in spermatogenesis?
Have to cross the blood-testis barrier to move inward toward lumen New tight junctions form behind them
47
What is spermiogenesis?
Transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa
48
When does mitosis occur in spermatogenesis?
1st step and 1st division
49
What is the 2nd step of spermatogenesis?
differentiation of Type B spermatogonium into primary spermatocyte
50
When does Meiosis I occur in spermatogenesis? What does it produce?
3rd step, 2nd division Primary spermatocyte forms 2 secondary spermatocytes
51
When is Meiosis II in occur in spermatogenesis? What does meiosis II produce?
4th step, 3rd division Secondary spermatocytes produce Spermatids
52
How do spermatids transform into spermatozoa?
spermiogenesis
53
What happens during spermiogenesis?
Spermatids sprout a tail, discard cytoplasm to become lighter (also acrosome develops from acrosomal vesicle, mitochondria condense) Become spermatozoa
54
How many sperm are made per gram of testis per second?
300-600
55
Differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
Oogenesis much slower, only produce one egg at a time... but much more perfected Spermatogenesis much quicker (64 days), produces many at a time, more likely to have faulty sperm
56
What feedback control system impacts spermatogenesis?
Hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis
57
What are the efferent ductules?
12 small ciliated ducts collecting sperm from the rete testes Transport sperm to the epididymis
58
Is the vans deferens muscular?
yes
59
What is sperm capacitation?
Prepares sperm in vivo for fertilisation - final maturational stage in female genital tract Causes changes in the plasma membrane of the spermatozoa
60
What is it called when the male and female pronucleuses are unified?
Syngamy
61
What percentages of fluid come from each of the 3 glands in ejaculate fluid?
60% - seminal vesicle fluid 30% - prostatic fluid 10% sperm trace of bulbourethral fluid
62
What are the components of semen other than glandular secretions and sperm?
Fructose - provide energy Fibrinogen clotting enzymes - fibrinogen to fibrin to clot Fibrinolysin to liquify semen in 30 mins Prostaglandins stimulate female peristaltic contractions Spermine - base stabiliser at 7.2-7.6 pH
63
What is responsible for sperm transport?
Sperm motility Female reproductive tract movement
64
64
Where does fertilisation usually occur?
In the ampulla in the fallopian tubes
65
What is the effect of GnRH in men?
Stimulates pituitary gland to produce FSH and LH
66
What is the action of FSH in men?
Affect cycle of sperm production
67
What is the action of LH in men?
Affect lydig cells production of testosterone
68
What effect does testosterone have on spermatogenesis?
Negative feedback to pituitary gland and hypothalamus
69
How does sperm storage occur? Where does sperm storage occur?
Villi of cells of uterus lining, house sperm In uterus
70
What 3 glycoproteins is the zona pellucida made up of?
ZP1 ZP2 ZP3
71
What happens to the sperm as it breaks through each of the 3 glycoprotein layers of the zona pellucida?
Primary binding - ZP3 mediated - intact, acrosome reaction Secondary binding - ZP2 mediated - acrosome reaction, acrosome reacted DOUBLE CHECK - MAY BE WRONG
72
What is cleavage?
1st division of zygote
73
What are current treatment options for infertility?
Artificial insemination Embryo transfer In vitro fertilisation Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection Somatic Nuclear Transfer (cloning) Stem Cell Therapy (regenerative medicine) IPS cells
74
What happens to activate the genome of the oocyte after fertilisation?
Surge of calcium - oscillating

SUGER (6 decks)

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