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Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are steroid hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) produced?

A

Gonads
Adrenal glands
Placenta

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2
Q

HPG Axis

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Gonadal

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3
Q

What is an ovarian follicle? What hormone does it produce?

A
  • Fluid-filled structure on the ovary containing a soon-to-be ovulated oocyte
  • Estrogen
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4
Q

What is a corpus luteum? What hormone does it produce?

A
  • A previous follicle that converts from estrogen production to progesterone production under the influence of LH
  • Progesterone
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5
Q

Where are leydig cells located? What hormone do they produce?

A
  • Testes
  • Testosterone
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6
Q

Why are Sertoli cells considered “nurse cells”?

A

Nurture sperm as they develop

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7
Q

What hormone am I?
- Responsible for standing behavior
- Open cervix
- Stimulate moisture in vagina
- Increase thickness of vaginal epithelium
- Increases immune protection of the uterus

A

Estrogen

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8
Q

What hormone am I?
- Responsible for maintaining pregnancy
- Closes the cervix
- Vagina dry
- Vaginal epithelium thin
- Stimulates glandular development in the uterus to support a pregnancy

A

Progesterone

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9
Q

What hormone is responsible for inducing ovulation?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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10
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulates follicular development on the ovaries

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11
Q

What does prolactin do?

A
  • Target cells in the mammary gland for lactation
  • Maternal behavior
  • Support CL in queen and bitch
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12
Q

What hormone is responsible for milk let down and uterine contractions? Where is it produced?

A

Oxytocin
Posterior pituitary

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13
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of testosterone to estrogen?

A

Aromatase - used in breast cancer treatment

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14
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of testosterone into DHT?

A

5 alpha reductase

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15
Q

What species are considered short-day breeders?

A

Goats and sheep

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16
Q

What species are considered long-day breeders?

A

Cat, horse, ferret

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17
Q

Name the phases of the estrous cycle

A

Proestrus
Estrus
Metestrus
Diestrus
Anestrus

(Not all females exhibit each phase)

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18
Q

During proestrus, what structure is undergoing regression?

A

CL from previous cycle
P4 levels start to fall (<1ng/ml)

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19
Q

How long is the cow cycle?

A

21 days

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20
Q

How long is a cow in estrus?

A

<24 hours

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21
Q

What is different about ovulation in cows?

A

Ovulation occurs ~28 hours AFTER estrus

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22
Q

What two phases of the estrous cycle do mares go through?

A

Estrus and diestrus
+ Anestrus during short days (winter months)

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23
Q

How long is the equine cycle? How many days do they spend in estrous?

A

21 days
3-9 days

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24
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in the ewe? Does? What kind of breeders are they??

A

Ewe - 17d
Does - 21d
Short day

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25
Cycle length in sow? How many days in estrus?
21 days 1-3 days
26
What is special about the hormone profile of dogs during estrus?
Rising progesterone, declining estrogen
27
How long is proestrus in the bitch? What are clinical signs?
9 days High estrogen, low progesterone Vulvar swelling Serosanguinous vaginal discharge
28
What is required for ovulation to occur in the queen?
Breeding or induction “Induced ovulators”
29
A cat goes through estrus but is NOT bred…when do you expect her next estrus to begin? What is this phase called?
8-10 days; interestrus
30
A cat is bred during estrus, but does not become pregnant. What happens?
Pseudopregnancy 40 days
31
A cat is bred and becomes pregnant. How long are they pregnant for?
~60d
32
How frequently do new follicular waves occur?
Every 8-12 days Even through periods of anestrus and pregnancy
33
What must occur in order for a follicle to progress into a dominant follicle?
Luteolysis of CL from previous cycle
34
How long is metestrus? What structure is present?
5 days Corpus hemorrhagicum (site of ovulation)
35
How long is the sow cycle? How many follicular waves do they have?
21 days 1 follicular wave
36
Cytologically, how can you determine the presence of estrogen?
Cornified stratified squamous epithelium
37
Describe the cytologically appearance of proestrus
Cornified epithelial cells RBCs WBCs Debris
38
A bitch in estrus will have >____% superficial epithelial cells
90
39
What kind of cells are present on vaginal cytology in diestrus?
Parabasilar cells (fried eggs) Neutrophils! - clean up crew after cervix has been open
40
Interestrus interval of the bitch
4 mo - 12 mo
41
Why can’t prostaglandin be used to lyse the CL prior to 5 days post-ovulation?
PGF2a receptors aren’t present until 5 days after ovulation
42
A mare is accidentally bred by a stallion. O doesn’t want this mare pregnant. What do you do?
Wait 14 days and give lutalyse. 9 days to account for estrus then 5 days for receptors to form
43
How is ovulation induced in horses?
want a 35mm follicle - LH analog = hCG - GnRH analog = Deslorelin
44
What medications can be used to suppress estrus?
- Progesterone
45
Which species are luteal independent?
Cow, ewe, mare
46
Which synchronization program is used in dairy cows? Beef?
OV-Synch = Dairy Co-Synch = Beef
47
Describe OV-synch
Day 0: GnRH - recruit new wave Day 7: PGF2a - lyse CL Day 9: GnRH - ovulation
48
Describe CO-synch
Day 1: GnRH - new follicular wave Day 7: PGF2a - lyse CL 66 hours later: GnRH and AI
49
Passing spermiogram requirements for bulls/bucks/rams
>70% morphologically >30% progressively motile
50
When can the membrane slip be felt in bovine palpation?
35d
51
When is the amniotic vesicle palpated in a cow?
32-35d
52
When can a bovine fetus be palpated?
65 days
53
When are placentomes palpable in bovine?
80d - eraser 90d - dime 120d - quarter 150d - half dollar
54
When can pregnancy be determined in the mare? What is the preferred method?
14 days; ultrasound
55
When is the breeding season of horses?
April thru October
56
Estrus behavior of a mare
Urinating, winking, tail lifting, standing
57
Breeding options in mare
Every other day beginning on the second day of estrus until mare goes out or heat OR within 24-48 hours prior to ovulation (using ultrasound)
58
How long is diestrus in the horse?
14-16 days
59
Side effects associated with PGF2a administration in the mare
Mare CL more sensitive than cows (lower dose) SE: sweating, abdominal cramps, increased GI motility/colic, increased HR, muscle weakness and balance problems SE last up to 60 minutes
60
How to induce ovulation in the mare?
Increase light exposure (16 hours light/day)
61
When does foal heat occur?
First ovulation occurs 9-10 days after foaling
62
What is the most common tumor of the equine ovary?
- Granulosa (Theca) Cell Tumor - Increased testosterone - Behavioral changes: aggression, stallion like behavior, markedly prolonged estrus, anestrus - Treatment: ovariectomy
63
How is GCT/GTCT diagnosed?
Increased AMH, increased Inhibin U/S Rectal palpation
64
Treatment for persistent CL in mare?
Prostaglandins - lyse CL that is continuing progesterone production
65
What are endometrial cups?
Secrete eCG “Additional CL” Take 2-3 months to regress…anestrus until then
66
T/F: Rectovaginal tears should be repaired the day they occur, if possible.
False - repair after 6 weeks, allowing granulation tissue to form
67
Cause of contagious equine metritis?
- Taylorella equigenitalis - CS: copious grey vulvar discharge, asymptomatic - REPORTABLE
68
Causative agent of dourine
Trypanasoma equiperidum “Silver dollar plaques on the ribs”
69
What is feline mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia?
Mammary hypertrophy Common in young, intact female cats Treatment: OHE
70
What hormone is responsible for CEH?
Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia Progesterone!
71
What is the most important potential consequence of CEH?
Pyometra

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