reproduction

Question 1

gametes

Answer 1

haploid cells produced by the process of meiosis in the sex organs

Question 2

reproduction

Answer 2

producing offspring within a species

Question 3

advantages of sexual reproduction.

Answer 3

creates variation amongst offspring

Question 4

adaptations of sperm

Answer 4

-flagellum so they can swim
-mitochondria so they can produce energy (ATP)
-haploid cells

Question 5

adaptations of an egg

Answer 5

haploid cells

Question 6

scrotum

Answer 6

sac to protect testes

Question 7

penis

Answer 7

organ that carries sperm to the vagina

Question 8

urethra

Answer 8

carries urine or fluid containing sperm down the penis

Question 9

testes

Answer 9

production of sperm

Question 10

prostate gland

Answer 10

produces secretions which carry the sperm

Question 11

sperm duct

Answer 11

carrie’s sperm to the urethra

Question 12

cervix

Answer 12

restricts opening of the uterus and widens during birth

Question 13

ovary

Answer 13

produces eggs (ova)

Question 14

vulva

Answer 14

allow entry of penis for fertilisation

Question 15

oviduct

Answer 15

site of fertilisation carries ova to uterus

Question 16

vagina

Answer 16

penis places sperm here during sexual intercourse

Question 17

uterus

Answer 17

allows development of fertilised ovum and produces structures to help its growth

Question 18

fertilisation

Answer 18

when the nucleus of sperm fuses with the nucleus of the egg to produce a diploid zygote

Question 19

ovulation

Answer 19

the release of the egg from the ovaries

Question 20

implantation

Answer 20

when the embryo enter the uterus it becomes embedded in the lining becomes attached and receives nourishment

Question 21

zygote

Answer 21

a cell that’s produced when egg and sperm nuclei join at fertilisation

Question 22

how the zygote changes as it moves down the oviduct towards the uterus

Answer 22

zygote divides by mitosis and grows into a ball of cells

Question 23

zygote development

Answer 23

-after implantation in the uterus lining the ball of cells continues to divide but with differentiation meaning a variety of tissues is developed
-when the embryo develops in the uterus the placenta and umbilical cord form

Question 24

how the embryo is protected in the uterus

Answer 24

-the protective membrane (amnion) which contains amniotic fluid which cushions the growing embryo

Question 25

exchange at the placenta

Answer 25

a placenta and umbilical cord allow an exchange of material including nutrients diffusing from the mothers blood to foetal blood

Question 26

placenta

Answer 26

contains a rich supply of mothers blood vessels and is highly adapted (LSA and villi) for the exchange of substances between material and foetal blood

Question 27

umbilical cord

Answer 27

connect foetus and placenta contains umbilical artery and vein

Question 28

why’s it important that mother and foetus blood don’t mix

Answer 28

mothers white blood cells would attack the foetal red blood cells which could be very dangerous for the foetus

Question 29

how placenta is adapted for diffusion

Answer 29

-many folds and villi create a LSA for diffusion to occur -good blood supply maintains the diffusion gradient so layers can be exchanged continuously -capillaries that are one cell thick and close to foetus’ capillaries create a short diffusion distance which means rapid exchange of materials

Question 30

umbilical artery

Answer 30

carries waste products away from baby towards placenta eg carbon dioxide and urea

Question 31

umbilical vein

Answer 31

carries oxygen glucose and amino acids to baby from mothers blood

Question 32

contraception

Answer 32

method of preventing pregnancy

Question 33

mechanical contraception

Answer 33

male and female condoms

Question 34

how mechanical contraception works

Answer 34

prevent sperm entering woman prevent sperm passing up through female reproductive system

Question 35

advantages of mechanical

Answer 35

easily obtains prevent STIs

Question 36

disadvantages of mechanical

Answer 36

unreliable if not used properly

Question 37

chemical contraceptive

Answer 37

contraceptive pills implants

Question 38

how chemical works

Answer 38

prevents ovaries releasing eggs by changes in hormone levels

Question 39

disadvantages of chemical

Answer 39

can cause side effects have to be taken regularly or innefective don’t protect from STIs

Question 40

surgical contraception

Answer 40

vasectomy female fertilisation

Question 41

how surgical works

Answer 41

sperm tubes are cut to prevent sperm entering penis oviducts are cut to prevent ova being fertilised

Question 42

disadvantage with surgical

Answer 42

don’t protect against STIs cannot be reversed

Question 43

natural contraception

Answer 43

rhythm method

Question 44

how natural works

Answer 44

avoid having sex when ovulation occurs by tracking menstrual cycle

Question 45

disadvantages of natural

Answer 45

difficult to judge as some women have irregular menstrual cycles don’t protect against STIs

Question 46

advantage of natural

Answer 46

requires no contraception so is more ethically acceptable for some ppl

Question 47

primary characteristic of sexual maturity

Answer 47

sperm production begins and ovulation begins

Question 48

male secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 48

body and pubic hair develop body becomes muscular voice deepens sexual organs enlarge sexual awareness and drive increases

Question 49

secondary sexual characteristics in females

Answer 49

menstruation begins body and pubic hair develop pelvis and hips widen sexual organs enlarge and breast develop sexual awareness and drive increases

Question 50

what hormones cause body change

Answer 50

testosterone and oestrogen

Question 51

what is menstruation

Answer 51

blood flows out of vagina due to uterus lining breaking down

Question 52

how long does cycle last

Answer 52

28 days

Question 53

oestrogen levels

Answer 53

high at middle of cycle low at start of cycle

Question 54

progesterone levels

Answer 54

high during days following ovulation low during ovulation

Question 55

effect of oestrogen

Answer 55

important in initial build up of uterine lining and causes release of egg

Question 56

effect of progesterone

Answer 56

builds up and maintains the thick uterine lining and subsequent development of placenta

Question 57

when does menstruation occur

Answer 57

day 1-5

Question 58

when does uterine wall repair

Answer 58

day 6-12

Question 59

when does ovulation occur

Answer 59

day 14

Question 60

when can sperm in oviducts cause fertilisation

Answer 60

day 13-15