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Reproduction Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is reproduction?

A

The process of an organism giving rise to another individual of its own kind

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2
Q

What is the most important thing to any organism?

A

Reproduction

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3
Q

All organisms are made of?

A

Cells

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4
Q

Who discovers and names cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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5
Q

Who produces a microscope of up to 300x power and observes new organisms?

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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6
Q

Who discovers the (cells) nucleus?

A

Robert Brown

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7
Q

Who proposes that plants are made of cells?

A

Matthias Schleiden

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8
Q

Who proposes that animals are made of cells?

A

Theodor Schwann

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9
Q

Who developed the first cell theory?

A

Rudolph Vichow

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10
Q

What was in the first cell theory

A

-all organisms are made up of cells
-all cells are from pre existing cells
-the activity of an organism depends on the total activity of the individual

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11
Q

What order is life organization?

A

Cells to tissue to organ to organ system to organism

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12
Q

What is the cell?

A

The basic unit of life and the smallest living thing

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13
Q

What are the two general types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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14
Q

What are the differences between Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic are more primitive, simpler and smaller than eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells don’t have membrane bound organelles but eukaryotic cells do.

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15
Q

Which type of cells do bacteria have?

A

Prokaryotic

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16
Q

What is the nucleus (cells)?

A

The nucleus is typically and round and central organelle that is known as the brain of the cell and contains the cells DNA.

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17
Q

What is DNA?

A

The genetic material of life, something that contains all the instruction for making a cell work

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18
Q

What is the nuclear membrane?

A

The nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleus and controls what enters and exits the nucleus

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19
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Chromatin is the cells DNA, which is found in the nucleus and becomes chromosomes during cell division

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20
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The nucleolus is found in the nucleus and creates ribosomes

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21
Q

What are ribosomes?

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A

Ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells and assemble protein

22
Q

What is the cell membrane?

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A

The cell membrane surrounds the entire cell and controls what goes in and out of the cell

23
Q

What is the cytosol?

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A

The cytosol is a jelly-like substance found between and nuclear and cell membranes.

24
Q

What is cytoplasm?

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A

Cytoplasm is the cytosol and the organelles within

25
What is the mitochondria?
The mitochondria is a round or sausage shaped organelle that produces energy for the cell. This organelle consist of a double membrane with its inner membrane highly folded
26
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of fluid filled tunnels that form a continuous system in the cells cytoplasm, providing transport pathways through the cell.
27
What is rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is parts of the ER that are covered in ribosomes, proteins are made there
28
What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is parts of the ER without ribosomes, this part creates fats
29
What are Golgi bodies?
Golgi bodies are stacks of flattened membrane sacs that process, package, and store cell products
30
What are the vacuoles?
The vacuoles are fluid filled organelles that store water, food, waste or other materials. This tends to be very large in plants
31
What are the lysosomes?
Lysosomes contain powerful digestive enzymes and break down food particles, worn out cell part, and unwanted visitors.
32
What is the cell wall?
The cell wall is a wall outside of the cell membrane and supports the cell. In plants this contains cellulose or fibre
33
What are chloroplasts?
This is the site of photosynthesis and is only found in plants.
34
Which two organelles have DNA and can replicate themselves?
The mitochondria and chloroplasts
35
What are centrioles?
Centrioles are cylindrical structures that function in cell division
36
What are plant and animal cell differences?
Plants have cell walls and chloroplasts, but animals don’t. Animal cells have centrioles but plants don’t. Vacuoles tend to be larger in plant cells, and lysosomes are rare in plant cells.
37
What is growth like for single cellled organisms?
The cells simply increase in size
38
What is growth like for multi-cellular organisms?
Multi-cellular organisms grow by adding more
39
Why do cells have a limit to how much they grow?
Because the larger a cell gets the more material it needs and the more waste it produces. Eventually the cell membrane won’t be able to keep up and the cell dies.
40
What do cells do to increase the number of cells?
They undergo cell division
41
What are the cells made in cell division called?
Daughter cells
42
What does mitosis do?
It ensures that cells have the correct amount of DNA. Referring only to the duplication and division of a cells nucleus
43
What are the 6 phases of cell division?
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
44
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
45
What happens in interphase?
Interphase is the resting period between cell division, during which the cell grows and undergoes its life functions. Then the chromatin duplicates and the centrioles duplicate.
46
What happens in Prophase?
In prophase the chromatin becomes double stranded chromosomes, consisting of two sister chromatids. The centrioles with then move to opposite ends of the cell and cast spindle fibres. Then the nuclear membrane and the nucleolus disappear
47
What happens in Metaphase?
During metaphase the spindle fibres attach to the centromere and guide chromosomes to the cells equator, lining them up.
48
What happens in Anaphase?
During Anaphase the spindle fibres split the centromere turning the chromatid into single-stranded chromosomes, and move to opposite ends of the cell
49
What happens in telophase?
During telophase the chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell and uncoil to once again become chromatin. A nuclear membrane will form around the chromatin at both ends, and a nucleolus appears in each new nucleus. The spindle fibres will now disappear
50
What happens during Cytokinesis?
During cytokinesis, the cell membrane moves inwards and pinch’s the cell in two, creating two daughter cells.
51
What makes plant cell division different from animal cell division?
Well, plant cells do not have centrioles, yet still form a spindle. Instead of pinching in two, plant cells form a cell plate between the two new nuclei, which becomes a cell wall and divides the cytoplasm in two

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