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S2 Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

What are the parts of the male reproductive system?

A

Urethra
Penis
Scrotum
Prostate gland
Sperm tube (duct)
Testis

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2
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Tube through which sperm leaves penis.

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3
Q

What is the penis?

A

Organ that introduces sperm into vagina.

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4
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

Sack that holds and protects testes at slightly lower than body temperature.

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5
Q

What is the prostate gland?

A

Gland that adds fluid to nourish sperm.

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6
Q

Wha this the sperm tube (duct)?

A

Carries sperm from testis to urethra.

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7
Q

What are the parts of the female reproductive system?

A

Ovary
Cervix
Vagina
Oviduct
Uterus

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8
Q

What is the ovary?

A

Produces ova (eggs).

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9
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Opening of uterus, widens during process of birth.

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10
Q

Wha this the vagina?

A

Penis places sperm here during sexual intercourse.

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11
Q

What is the oviduct?

A

Carries ova (eggs) to uterus, fertilisation takes place here.

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12
Q

What is the uterus?

A

Will nourish developing foetus if pregnancy results.

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13
Q

What are the adaptations of the sperm cell?

A

Flagellum (tail)
Haploid nucleus
Many mitochondria

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14
Q

How is the flagellum of the sperm cell adapted to its function?

A

Allows spermicide to swim towards egg.

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15
Q

How is the haploid nucleus of the sperm cell adapted to its function?

A

Restores diploidy during fertilisation.

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16
Q

How is the many mitochondria of the sperm cell adapted to its function?

A

In mid-section to produce energy during respiration for swimming.

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17
Q

Where are the ova produced in the female body?

A

In the ovaries.

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18
Q

What type of nucleus do ova have?

A

Haploid (formed by meiosis).

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19
Q

What is the function of the ova?

A

Fuses with sperm cell during fertilisation to form zygote (diploid cell).

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20
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fusion of haploid nucleus of sperm with haploid nucleus of ovum.

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21
Q

What observed during fertilisation?

A

Restores diploid condition in ovum.

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22
Q

Where does fertilisation take place?

A

In the oviduct.

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23
Q

What is the zygote?

A

First cell formed during fertilisation.

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24
Q

What is the function of the zygote?

A

Divides by mitosis to form an embryo.

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25
What is implantation?
Attachment of embryo to uterus lining after fertilisation.
26
What else happens during implantation other than the embryo implanting into the uterus lining?
Placenta and umbilical cord are formed.
27
What is the placenta?
Structure that links uterus wall to foetus via the umbilical cord.
28
What is the function of the placenta?
Exchange of materials between mother and foetus.
29
What material is exchanged from the mother to the baby in the placenta?
Oxygen Glucose Amino acids Fatty acids and glycerol Iron Calcium Folic acid
30
Why does the baby need iron?
Develop red blood cells.
31
Why does the baby need calcium?
Growth of bones and teeth.
32
Why does the baby need folic acid?
Prevent spina bifida.
33
What material is exchanged from the baby to the mother in the placenta?
Carbon dioxide Urea
34
What are the adaptations of the placenta?
Villi increases surface area for diffusion. Shirt diffusion distance between mother and baby’s blood. Rich blood supply maintains diffusion gradient.
35
What is the amnion?
Protective membrane that surrounds the developing embryo.
36
What is the amnion filled with?
Amniotic fluid.
37
What is the function of the amniotic fluid?
Cushions delicate developing embryo.
38
What is the male sex hormone?
Testosterone
39
Where is testosterone produced?
By testes.
40
What are the secondary sexual characteristics of testosterone in males?
Sexual organs enlarge. Body and pubic hair grows. Voice deepens. Body becomes more muscular. Sexual awareness and drive increase.
41
What is the female sex hormone?
Oestrogen
42
Where is oestrogen produced?
By ovaries.
43
What are the secondary sexual characteristics of oestrogen in females?
Sexual organs and breasts enlarge. Pubic hair grows. Pelvis and hips widen. Menstruation begins. Sexual awareness and drive increase.
44
When does menstruation begin?
In puberty.
45
How long does menstruation lasts for in females?
Until menopause (age of 45).
46
How long does the menstrual cycle last for?
28 days.
47
What happens during day 0 to 5 of the menstrual cycle?
Menstruation - blood-rich uterine lining breaks down if pregnancy does not occur during previous menstrual cycle.
48
What happens during day 6 to 10 of the menstrual cycle?
Lining of uterus starts to grow again due to production of oestrogen.
49
What happens during day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation - egg released, by this time uterine lining has built up in preparation for pregnancy.
50
What happens during day 15 to 28 of the menstrual cycle?
Continued build up and maintenance of uterine lining due to peak in progesterone.
51
What causes menstruation to end and the cycle to start again?
Drop in oestrogen and progesterone at end of cycle.
52
Over what days during the menstrual cycle can pregnancy occur if intercourse takes place?
Days 14 - 17.
53
What happens to the uterine lining if pregnancy occurs?
Remains intact as embryo has implanted.
54
What is the function of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?
Repairs and builds up uterus lining and stimulates ovulation.
55
What is the function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?
Maintenance and build up of uterus lining after ovulation.
56
What are some of the causes of infertility in females?
Unable to produce eggs. Blockage in oviducts preventing movement of eggs. STIs.
57
What are some of the causes of infertility in males?
Low sperm count. Impotence. STIs.
58
What are some of the treatments for infertility?
Giving females fertility drugs to increase egg production. Collecting eggs from ovaries and adding to sperm in test tube (in vitro fertilisation). Placing embryos back into uterus.
59
What is in vitro fertilisation?
Fertilisation outside the body.
60
What are the 3 main types of contraception?
Mechanical (physical) Chemical Surgical
61
What are 2 examples of mechanical contraception?
Male condom Female condom
62
What is the method for using a male condom to prevent pregnancy?
Acts as barrier to prevent sperm entering woman.
63
What are the advantages of using a male condom to prevent pregnancy?
Easily obtained. Protects against STIs, e.g. chlamydia, gonorrhea and HIV (leading to AIDS).
64
What are the disadvantages of using a male condom to prevent pregnancy?
Unreliable if not used properly.
65
What is the method for using a female condom to prevent pregnancy?
Acts as barrier to prevent sperm passing up female reproductive system.
66
What are the advantages of using a female condom to prevent pregnancy?
Protects against STIs.
67
What are the disadvantages of using a female condom to prevent pregnancy?
Unreliable if not used properly.
68
What are 2 examples of chemical contraception?
Contraceptive pill Implants
69
What is the method for using a contraceptive pill to prevent pregnancy?
Taken regularly by woman to prevent ovaries from releasing ova by changing hormone concentrations.
70
What are the advantages of using a contraceptive pill to prevent pregnancy?
Very reliable.
71
What are the disadvantages of using a contraceptive pill to prevent pregnancy?
Can cause side affects, e.g. weight gain, mood swings, increase risk of blood clots. Woman needs to remember to take pill daily for around 21 consecutive days in each cycle.
72
What is the method for using an implant to prevent pregnancy?
Very small tubes about 4cm long inserted just under skin in arm and release hormones slowly over long period of time to prevent development and release of egg.
73
What are the advantages of using an implant to prevent pregnancy?
Very reliable. Can work for up to 3 years.
74
What are the disadvantages of using an implant to prevent pregnancy?
Does not protect against STIs. Can prevent menstruation taking place.
75
What are the 2 types of surgical contraception?
Vasectomy (male sterilisation) Female sterilisation
76
What is the method for using a vasectomy to prevent pregnancy?
Cutting of peers tubes, preventing sperm from entering penis.
77
What are the advantages of using a vasectomy to prevent pregnancy?
Virtually 100% reliable.
78
What are the disadvantages of using a vasectomy to prevent pregnancy?
Very difficult or impossible to reverse. Does not protect against STIs.
79
What is the method for using female sterilisation to prevent pregnancy?
Cutting of oviducts, preventing ova from moving through oviduct and being fertilised.
80
What are the advantages of using female sterilisation to prevent pregnancy?
Virtually 100% reliable.
81
What are the disadvantages of using female sterilisation to prevent pregnancy?
Very difficult or impossible to reverse. Does not protect against STIs.

S2 Biology (6 decks)

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