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Phsyiology 210 B > Reproduction 4 - sexual determination and diffrentiation > Flashcards

Reproduction 4 - sexual determination and diffrentiation Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

GENETIC SEX

A

Type of sex chromosome

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2
Q

GONADAL SEX

A

Type of gonads: ovaries or testes?

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3
Q

GENITAL OR PHENOTYPIC SEX

A

Type of internal and external genitalia

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4
Q

Chromosomal or genetic sex is determine when?

A

At the exact moment of fertilization

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5
Q

Gonadal sex determine by

A

Chromosomal sex

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6
Q

The presence of what on the Y chromosome dictates male differentiation of bipotential gonads?

A

SRY gene = testes

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7
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

Male XXY

  • X impairs spermatogensis
  • osteoporosis
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8
Q

What determines female differentiation of bipotential gonads?

A

A sense of Y chromosome = ovaries

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9
Q

Turner’ syndrome

A

Lack of X chromosome

Female XO = streaked ovaries

  • no uterus
  • no functional follicle = no menstration
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10
Q

Genetically or phenotypic sex determined by

A

Factors produced by gonads

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11
Q

In MALES, Genetically or phenotypic sex determined by

A

The testes secreting MIH from Sertoli cells.

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12
Q

Mullerian inhibiting hormone (MIH)

A
  • causes regression of Müllerian duct = regression of female tract.
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13
Q

testosterone from leydig cells cause

A

Development of male INTERAL genitalia

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14
Q

Testosterone converts to

A

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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15
Q

dihydrotestosterone (DHT) causes

A

Masculinization of male EXTERNAL genitalia

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16
Q

What are male external and interal gentalia determined by?

A

Internal = testosterone

External = dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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17
Q

Müllerian duct gives rise to everything of

A

FEMALE structures

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18
Q

Wolffish duct gives rise to everything of

A

MALE structures.

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19
Q

In FEMALES, Genetically or phenotypic sex determined by

A

Absence Testosterone prevents MIH = allows for Müllerian duct to grow = internal genitalia

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20
Q

absence of DHT prevents masculinization of

A

external genitalia

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21
Q

Female differentiation happens by

A

default

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22
Q

Presence of MIH =

Absence of MIH=

A

Presence of MIH = wolffian duct = MALE

Absence of MIH= Müllerian duct = FEMALE

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23
Q

Bipotential gonads can develop to

A

Either testes or ovaries

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24
Q

Bipotential INTERAL genitalia that would give a potential female results in

A

Mullarian ducts = uterus, oviduct…

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25
Bipotential INTERAL genitalia that would give a potential male results in
Wolffian ducts = epidiymas, vas defarans, seminal vesicles
26
Bipotential EXTERNAL gentalia for male and female need:
MIS+testosterone +Insl3 = penis (MALE) No MIH, T, Insl3 = vagina (FEMALE)
27
What gives rise to wollfian ducts.
Testosterone
28
Wolffian ducts and Müllerian ducts give rise to
INTERNAL genetalia
29
Which cells secrete MIH and testosterone?
Sertoli = MIH Leydig = testosterone
30
Absence of testosterone leads to the regression f
Wolffian ducts
31
Presnece of MIH leads to regression of
Müllerian ducts
32
Female EXTERNAL gentalia determines by
Absence of testosterone
33
When do male internal and external genetalia develop ?
During fetal stage, second trimester where theres a huge spike of testosterone.
34
What does the neonatal peak of testosterone do?
contributes to the development of the brain = the convert male hormones to estrogen (another form of steroid hormone), it excerts its function in the brain by being converted to estrogen, which is done through enzyme aromatase.
35
anomaly of sexual determination
Pseudohermaphroditism
36
Pseudohermaphroditism
When born with the correct chromosome combo, but that doesn’t dictate the genotypic sex of the external genitalia.
38
Pseudohermaphroditism in females:
- XX - ovaries - outwardly male - infertile - decreased cortisol = increased ACTH = increased adrenal androgens = masculinization of genitalia.
39
What is female Pseudohermaphroditism caused by
Over production of androgens during fetal stage cuz over grown adrenal gland.
40
Pseudohermaphroditism in males
- XY - has testes, but is outwardly female - androgen insensitivity syndrome - no male internal genetalia - no male external gentalia - female external gentalia - CAIS - infertile
41
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS):
mutation of androgen receptor
42
What’s causes Pseudohermaphroditism in males ?
Complete androgen intensity syndrome CAIS
43
CAIS symptoms:
* Genotype 46 XY * Female external genitalia * Body female-like * Breasts develop * Androgens are converted to estrogen in target tissues * Absence of ovaries and uterus, no menstrual cycles * Infertile
44
What causes the overproduction of androgens in fetal stage?
Enzyme mutation = decreased cholesterol = decreased cortisol = low ACTH = ACTH converts cholesterol to androgen instead of cortisol.
45
What are androgen made of normally?
Made form cortisol, if made form cholesterol = female Pseudohermaphroditism
46
What triggered puberty?
Increased secretion of GnRH form use generator in hypo = increased LH and FSH from ant pit = increased sex steroids from gonads = pubertal changes !
47
What alters GnRH secretion at a certain time?
A) genetics | B) environment
48
Puberty occurs earlier for
Girls then Boys.
49
The low amount of sex steroid produced by ant pit in a prepertal child is very
Sensitive to (-) feedback of hypothalamus. That what keeps them low.
50
Hypothalamus- Pituitary - Gonadal Axis in young prepubertal children (Dormant)
Hypothalamus which is under essential suppressor, this causes very low release of GnRH (not absent) = ant pit produces low levels of LH and FSH = low sex steroid production, but is still enough to caused (-) feedback to hypothalamus.
51
Hypothalamus in prepubertal condition is
very sensitive to (-) feedback even with very low sex steroid hormones, so the hypothamlus remains in a suppressed state.
52
What’s responsible for keeping the sex steroid low before puberty
The high sensitivity to the (-) feedback of the low sex steroid to the hypothalamus
53
Hypothalamus- Pituitary - Gonadal Axis in young prepubertal children (Re-activated)
Leptin from adipose tissue —> kisspeptin (neuropeptide) —-> hypothalamus (GnRH inc)—-> Ant. Pit (increased LH and FSH) —-> gonads (increased sex steroids) = early puberty
54
Example of female Pseudohermaphroditism
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia = too much androgen production during fetal stage.
55
Gymnasts:
delayed onset of puberty
56
Increase in kisspeptin causes
Early release of sex steroid = early puberty.
57
Release of kisspeptine is increased by the
fat tissue that accumulates prior to puberty, these fatty tissues release leptin
58
Declining endocrinal, somatic, reproductive and psychological functions are known as
“climacteric”
59
“climacteric” in females starts with
Perimenopause
60
“climacteric” in males starts with
Andropause
61
Menopause caused by
atresia (run out of follicles as they die out over time)
62
Hormonal changes in menopausal women
1) Decrease E, inhibin, progesterone removes (-) feedback = LH and FSH (especially) increase = increased LH:FSH ratio 2) osteoporosis
63
Women is said to be perimenopausal when
Follicle numbers fall to 1000
64
What causes for E and inhibin to decrease in menopausal women
Decreased follicle # and decrease responsiveness to gonadotropins = decrease estrogen and decrease inhibin
65
Is E still produced after menopause
Yes, but lower levels
66
Anorexia nervosa patients:
irregular cycles or absence of cycles

Phsyiology 210 B (24 decks)

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