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Bio 30 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicular Stimulating hormone- stimulates growth of the follicle

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2
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Fallopian tubes or oviduct

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3
Q

What are the three trimesters called?

A
  1. Zygote
  2. embryo
  3. fetus
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4
Q

The ovum or oocyte released from the ovaries is viable for how long?

A

12-14 hours

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5
Q

How many chromosomes are in the egg and sperm cells?

A

23 each

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6
Q

The zygote has how many chromosomes?

A

46

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7
Q

Zygote cell division called?

A

Cleavage

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8
Q

The 16 cell stage is called?

A

The morula- considered an embryo

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9
Q

How many days does it take the egg to reach the uterus?

A

3 to 4 days

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10
Q

When the egg implants on the endometrium what is it called?

A

Blastocyst

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11
Q

The blastocyst is made up of what two groups of cells?

A

Trophoblast and embryoblast

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12
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A
  • Becomes chorion and eventually the placenta
  • secretes enzymes that digest the endometrium and allow implantation
  • secretes hCG which maintains the corpus luteum
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13
Q

What hormone do pregnancy tests look for in urine?

A

hCG

High amount in first 2 months

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14
Q

What is an embryoblast?

A

Inner cell mass of the blastocyst

Develops into embryo

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15
Q

What is the third embryonic development stage?

A

Gastrulation

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16
Q

What 3 cell layers are formed during Gastrulation?

A

Ectoderm: NS and skin

Mesoderm: skeleton, muscles and reproductive structures

Endoderm: lining of digestive and respiratory systems and endocrine glands

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17
Q

What is the chorion?

A

Formed from trophoblast

Outermost membrane of embryo

Forms fetal part of placenta

Attaches to endometrium with chorionic villi

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18
Q

What is the placenta made from?

A

Chorion and endometrium

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19
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A
  • Passes nutrients and oxygen from mom to baby
  • CO2 and waste from baby to mom
  • Mom and baby’s blood do not mix
  • moms antibodies pass into babies blood
  • produces estrogen and progesterone and hCG
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20
Q

Do mom and Babies blood mix?

A

No

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21
Q

What is the function of estrogen?

A

Causes endometrium to thicken

Triggers release of egg

Triggers inhibition of FSH and LH

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22
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

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23
Q

How long is the flow phase and what occurs during?

A

Days 1-5

Low hormone levels- endometrium sheds

Low hormone levels cause:
Headaches, cramps, bloating, nausea and mood changes

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24
Q

How long is the follicular phase and what occurs during?

A

Days 6-13

Increase in FSH levels
Follicle matures
Follicle cells secrete estrogen

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25
When is the ovulation phase and what occurs during?
Day 14(ish) Fertile for about 24 hours
26
What is the luteal phase and what occurs during?
Days 15-28 | -LH causes remaining follicle cells to form corpus luteum
27
Function of corpus luteum?
-Secretes progesterone and estrogen -thickens uterine lining Fertilization? -corpus luteum lasts until placenta is functional No fertilization? - corpus luteum degenerates - estrogen and progesterone levels decline
28
What is the function of progesterone?
Inhibits further ovulation Prevents uterine contractions When progesterone levels drop off, uterine contractions begin and endometrium is shed
29
What is FSH female?
Stimulates development of follicle Causes follicle to secrete estrogen: - thickens endometrium - causes LH to release(mid-cycle)
30
What is LH female?
Causes ovulation(mid-cycle) Causes development of corpus luteum
31
What does high estrogen levels do in uterus?
Inhibits FSH production
32
Corpus luteum
Secretes estrogen and progesterone Thickens endometrium(estrogen) Inhibits FSH and LH
33
Gonads of female anatomy
Ovaries
34
Oviducts receive oocyte from ovaries by which organ?
Fimbriae
35
Uterus two layers?
Myometrium and endometrium
36
Myometrium
Muscle layer of uterus Supports baby Pushes baby into birth canal
37
Endometrium
Blood vessel lining Nourishes embryo Shed during period
38
Ectopic pregnancy
Embryo implants in oviduct Almost always causes stillbirth or death in mother Must be removed
39
Cervix
Neck of uterus Holds fetus in place during pregnancy Pap test= check for cervical cancer
40
External genitalia of vagina
Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris
41
Oogenisis definition
Egg development
42
Estrogen at 9-13 causes
Final growth of primary sex organs Secondary sex characteristics Follicle development(ovum) each month
43
FSH in male
Causes spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules
44
LH in male
Causes interstitial cells to produce testosterone | Need testosterone to make sperm
45
Negative feedback for FSH in males
High sperm count High levels of inhibin
46
What is inhibin
Hormone that turns off spermatogenesis when there is a high sperm count
47
Negative feedback for LH in men
High level of testosterone
48
What inhibits FSH production in females
High estrogen levels
49
Male gonads
Testes
50
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Seminiferous tubules
51
Function of Sertoli cells
Found within seminiferous tubules Supply nutrients to developing sperm cells
52
Interstitial cells
Produce testosterone Found between seminiferous tubules
53
3 parts of sperm cells
Head- 23 chromosomes -acrosome Middle-mitochondria -moves tail Tail(flagellum) -motility
54
What is the epididymis
On top of testis Stores immature Sperm -become fertile and motile in epididymis
55
Ductus(vas) deferens
Connected to epididymis Storage duct Carries sperm to ejaculatory duct Cauterized for vasectomy
56
Ejaculatory duct
Controls semen entering urethra Carries sperm to penis
57
Seminal glands function
Fructose: provides energy to sperm Prostaglandins: causes reverse peristalsis in female - helps sperm get to egg
58
Prostate gland
Located in front of rectum and surrounds urethra Alkaline buffer to acidic vagina Prostatitis: enlarge prostate, strangles urethra causes difficulty urinating
59
Coopers gland
Secrete mucus prior to ejaculation to euthanize semen in urethra from urine
60
Andropause
Drop in testosterone levels at 40 Loss of bone and muscle mass Low sperm production
61
3 bacterial STI's
Chlamydia Gonorrhea Syphilis
62
Amnion
Sack filled with amnionic fluid Cushions embryo Temperature regulation
63
Allantois
Forms umbilical cord Connects fetus to placenta 1 umbilical vein + 2 umbilical arteries Becomes part of bladder
64
First trimester development
- Neurulation - Organs formed - cartilage skeleton formed - body grows in length - determinable sex at end
65
Second trimester development
- detectable heart beat - bones begin to form - NS starts functioning - limbs grow(movement)
66
Third trimester development
- Brain grows rapidly - testes descend - fat layer grows - digestive and respiratory systems mature last
67
Teratogen
Monster forming -substance that disrupts fecal development - most harmful during 1st trimester Example: cigarettes, alcohol
68
Sedative to help with morning sickness causing flipper like arms and legs in babies?
Thalidomide
69
Estrogen and progesterone and produces first by________ and second by________
Corpus luteum Placenta
70
Relaxin
Produced by placenta Causes hips to widen for childbirth
71
Parturition
Positive feedback: 1. Head pushes on cervix 2. Nerve impulses to hypothalamus 3. Post. Pit. Releases oxytocin 4. Oxytocin causes uterus to contact - directly or indirectly through prostaglandins 5. Pushes fetus downward causing cervix to stretch even more

Bio 30 (1 decks)

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