Reproduction

Question 1

What is Oogenesis?

Answer 1

the making of an egg

Question 2

What is a polar body?

Answer 2

One of two products in the first stage of meiosis

Signanfies sperm entry and the start of meiotic division

Question 3

What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 3

28 days

Question 4

How long is the average menstura cycle?

Answer 4

28 days

Question 5

What stimulates the release of FSH and LH?

Answer 5

GnRH

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

Question 6

What does follicular stimulating hormone do?

Answer 6

Stimulates follicular development

Thickens endometrium

Question 7

What doe luteinising hormone do?

Answer 7

Peak stimulates ovulation

stimulats corpus luteum development

thickens endometrium

Question 8

What organs secrete oestrogen?

Answer 8

mostly ovaries but also the adrenal cortex and the placenta

Question 9

What does oestrogen do?

Answer 9

Mautration of ovarian follicles

Responible for healthy cervical mucus

mildly accelerates sodium and water reabsoption of kidney tubules

Responsible for secondary sex characterisitcs

Question 10

What happens when levels of ostrogen are high?

Answer 10

inhibits secretion of FSH and Prolactin

LH secretion is stimulated

Question 11

What does low oestrogen concentration cause and when does it occour? (physiologically)

Answer 11

Low oestrogen concentration after prenancy stimulates secretion of prolactin

Question 12

What secrets progesterone?

Answer 12

corpus luteum

Placenta

Question 13

What does progesterone do?

Answer 13

Increases basal body temp

relaxes smooth muscles

is responsible for infertile mucus

maintains thickness of endometrium

maintains pregnancy

Question 14

What happens in the luteal phase?

Answer 14

FSH stimulates follicular development

Dominant follicle develops increasing amounts of follicular fluid containing estrogen

Estrogen stimulates thickening of endometrium

Increase in serum estrogen suppresses secretion of FSH

LH stimulates ovulation and development of corpus luteum

Question 15

What happens in the luteal phase?

Answer 15

Cavity of ruptured follicle is replaced by corpus luteum

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen

Progestrone prepares endometium for implanation and maintains endometrium in early pregnancy

If fertilisation does not occur the corpus luteum begins to regress

Question 16

What happens in the menstrual phase

Answer 16

Corpus luteum degenerates

Endometrium degenerates and menstration occurs

Drop in blood levels of estrogen and progesterone stimulates production of FSH and a new cycle begins

Question 17

What is the route sperm must take before leaving the male body?

Answer 17

testes

epididymis

vas deferens

ejaculatory duct

urethra

Question 18

Where does spermatogenesis occour ?

Answer 18

Within the seminiferous tubules of the testes

Question 19

What does LH do in the male?

Answer 19

Acts on leydig cells regulating testosterone secretion

Question 20

What does FSH do in males?

Answer 20

Acts on Sertoli cells to enchance spermatogenesis

Question 21

What is the tail of a sperm cell called?

Answer 21

Cilium

Question 22

What does olihomenorrhea mean?

Answer 22

Reduction in frequency of periods to less than 9/yr

Question 23

What is primary of amenorrhea?

Answer 23

Failure of menarche by the age of 16 years

Question 24

What is secondary amenorrhea?

Answer 24

Cessation of periods for >6 months in an individual who has previously menstruated

Question 25

What are common causes of primary amenorrhea?

Answer 25

Turner's syndrome or Kallman's syndrome

Question 26

What are the causes of secondary amenorrhea?

Answer 26

Ovarian problems Uterine problems Hypothalamic dysfunction Pituitary

Question 27

What should be investigated in cases of amenorrea?

Answer 27

LH, FSH, Thyoid, Prolactin

Question 28

How is hyogonadism indentified in females?

Answer 28

Low levels of oestrogen

Question 29

What is primary hypogonadism?

Answer 29

Problem with the ovaries so high LH/FSH but low oestrogen

Question 30

What is secondary hypogonadism?

Answer 30

Problem with hypothalamus or pituitary So low Lh/FSH and low oestrogen

Question 31

What is premature ovarian failure?

Answer 31

Amenorrhea, oestrogen deficiency and elevated gonadotrophins occuring \<40 years of age

Question 32

What is kallman's syndrome?

Answer 32

Genetic disorder characterised by loss of GnRH secretion with anosmia

Question 33

What causes hirsutism?

Answer 33

Androgen excess at hair follicle

Question 34

What enzyme is usually involved in congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 34

21 gamma hydroxylase deficiency

Question 35

How do you treat PCOS?

Answer 35

Conrtaceptive pill

Question 36

What triggers ovulation?

Answer 36

LH surge

Question 37

What is used to induce ovulation?

Answer 37

Clomifene citrate

Question 38

What happens in twin-twin transfusion syndrome?

Answer 38

one twin takes up all the nutrients and space

Question 39

What is the difference between monochorionic and dichorionic twins

Answer 39

monochorionic twins come from the same morulla Dichorionic twins come from two seperate morullas

Question 40

What is the definition of infertility?

Answer 40

Failure to achieve a clincial pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.

Question 41

When is the best time to have sex in order to concieve ?

Answer 41

two days before ovulation

Question 42

WHat are the endocrine features of Polycystic ovary syndrome?

Question 43

What is the diagnostic criteria for polysystic ovary syndrome?

Answer 43

socre 2 out of three: Chronic anovulation polycystic ovaries hyperandrogenism

Question 44

What is endometriosis?

Answer 44

Presence of endometrial glands outside the uterine cavity

Question 45

How can you test for ovulation?

Answer 45

Midluteal progesterone level (day 21/28) progesterone \>30nmol/L is suggestive of ovulation

Question 46

How do you induce ovulation in PCOS?

Answer 46

1. Clomifene citrate + Metformin 2. Gonadotrophin therapy: daily injections 3. Laparoscopic ovarian diathermy Ovarian drilling

Question 47

What diseases make people infertile ?

Answer 47

Chlamydia rubella