reproduction Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
What are the divisions in spermatogenesis? How many N at each stage?
A
PGC -2N spermatogonia A -2N spermatogonia B -2N primary spermatocyte - 2N secondary spermatocyte -N round spermatid -N elongated spermatid - N spermatazoa -N
2
Q
When does spermatogenesis occur in males? Which life stage?
A
post puberty.
3
Q
What are the divisions in oogenesis? How many N at each stage?
When do these occur in a female? Life stages?
When are polar bodies excluded?
A
PGC -2n oogonia - 2n primary oocyte -2n - pre birth - pro I secondary oocyte -n - polar body - metII until ovulation. mature oocyte -n -polar body.
4
Q
What is external fertilisation and what living things do this?
What is a good example of external fertilisation?
A
outside of the body - aquatic animals - fish.
5
Q
What is internal fertilisation and what living things do this?
A
.sperm deposited directly inside usually female - nearly all mammals.
6
Q
What is urchin reproductive strategy similar to? Why is it so easy to study them?
A
most mammals - they can be stimulated in lab to produce eggs and sperm easily.
7
Q
Draw a sea urchin sperm and label
A
.
8
Q
Draw a sea urchin oocyte and label
A
.
9
Q
What happens when the sperm meets the oocyte?
A
- penetrates cumulus.
- binds to zona pellucida receptors causing acrosome reaction.
- penetrates zona pellucida and fuses with oocyte.
leads to cortical reaction - bona hardening.
10
Q
What is the function of the acrosome?
A
contains enzymes used to digest through cumulus and zona pellucida/vitelline layer.
11
Q
What is the acrosomal process made from? And what is its role?
A
contains enzymes used to digest through cumulus and zona pellucida/vitelline layer.
12
Q
How do they avoid polyspermy? What are the problems with polyspermy?
A
- fast block = electrochemical block via influx of Na - temporary an d for externals only.
- urchin - secretion of a barrier of cortical granules
13
Q
What is the role of the oocytes cortical granules?
A
.
14
Q
How is the fertilisation envelope formed? What does it do?
A
.
15
Q
What is the cortical reaction? How long does it take roughly?
A
.
16
Q
Sketch a human sperm. How does this differ from the urchin?
A
.
17
Q
Sketch a human oocyte. How does this differ from urchin?
A
.
18
Q
Where in the repro tract does fertilisation occur?
A
.
19
Q
Draw and label a female repro tract? Why is it so difficult for sperm to reach? What is the benefit of this?
A
.
20
Q
What evidence is there that female tract “selects” sperm?
A
.
21
Q
What are the steps of human fertilisation?
A
.
22
Q
Apart from bringing genetic material, what other role does sperm have in fertilisation?
A
.
23
Q
What is the role of sperm-egg recognition?
A
.
24
Q
What ion is responsible for the fertilisation signal?
A
.
25
Until what stage in development is reproductive development the same for both sexes?
What arises in this time period?
.
26
What is gene is express after this period? Where is it in the genome?
.
27
What causes female gonad development?
.
28
What happens from week 7 in ovary development? Draw and label what this looks like
.
29
Where do the columns of cells come from?
.
30
How deeply to sex cord penetrate in females? What do they cluster around?
.
31
Where do vasculature and theca cells come from?
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32
What ducts form the male repro system
.
33
What ducts form the female repro system (think of Muller yogurt – only women eat it)
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34
Which duct remains in the default pathway?
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35
When does oogenesis occur?
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36
Draw a flow chart with the names of the different cells from germ to mature oocyte and spermatozoa. Label when mitosis and meiosis occur.
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37
When does meiosis occur in males? In females?
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38
Does complete meiosis occur at once in oogenesis?
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39
In what stage is meiosis arrested? What is the name of this halt in meiosis?
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40
When in meiosis 1 completed?
When is the second arrest?
When is meiosis 2 completed?
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41
At what stage is oogenesis at birth? Spermatogenesis? (in other words which stages occur in utero)
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42
1. What is the female egg number at puberty?
2.
7.
12. D
18.
22.
.
43
How many eggs will be ovulated in a lifetime?
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44
Are meiotic divisions symmetrical in oogenesis?
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45
What is the byproduct of this meiotic division? What is the benefit of releasing these?
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46
Where do oocytes develop?
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47
What are the 2 types of somatic cells involved in oocyte development?
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48
Describe folliculogenesis – the stages?
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49
Describe the primordial follicle
| When do these develop?
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50
How long from the initiation of follicle development until ovulation? Is this dependent on the menstrual cycle?
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51
Describe the primary follicle? What do the different cells look like? Is its development dependent on the menstrual cycle?
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52
Describe the formation of the zona pellucida. Describe its structure. What is the ZP important for?
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53
Describe the secondary follicle. Is this dependent on the menstrual cycle?
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54
Describe the tertiary follicle. Is this dependent on the menstrual cycle? What happens in the tertiary follicle?
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55
How many dominant follicles are there at one time?
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56
Sketch the structure of an ovary
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57
What hormones are involved? Where are each of these secreted? What are their roles?
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58
What is the name of the axis that describes the hormones interaction with the gonads?
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59
What are the 2 types of somatic cells in the follicle? What are their roles?
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60
What is the name of the hypothesis that describes how these cells release their hormones?
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61
Sketch the cells and the hormones they release and how they interact
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62
What hormones control the output of these cells? What effect do these hormones have?
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63
What are the 2 main ovarian hormones?
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64
What is the role of oestrogens?
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65
What is the role of progesterone?
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66
Sketch how hormone levels change across the female menstrual cycle and mark where ovulation occurs
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67
What days in the cycle is menstruation?
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68
What days are the preovulatory phase? Periovulatory?
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69
What occurs in the follicular/proliferative phase? _____ secretes ________. In response _____ secretes ______. Up to ______ follicles are rescued. ______ and ______ cells develop in follicles and produce _______ hormone. This thickens the _______ and thins __________. Oestrogen supresses ______ production by the _____________.
.
70
Granulosa in the dominant follicle express what receptor?
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71
What causes the LH surge? What releases the LH?
.
72
When is meiosis 1 completed?
| When does meiosis 2 begin? And at what stage is it arrested in?
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73
What changes occur in the oocyte structure at this stage?
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74
What is the cumulus oophorus?
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75
What is the stigma? And what happens to it on ovulation?
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76
What picks up the cumulus-oocyte complex? At what time period does this occur?
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77
What is the luteal phase? What is a corpus luteum?
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78
What are theca cells?
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79
What happens to the endometrium during the luteal phase? What type of feedback occurs here and what hormones does it involve?
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80
What hormone is produced when pregnant and by what cells? What receptor on what cells does this bind to? What does this hormone do?
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81
What hormones are produced to support pregnancy?
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82
What hormones supress ovulation?
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83
From what stage in pregnancy does the placenta take over these roles?
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84
What happens in the repro tract if NOT pregnant? What hormone is not produced? What happens to the corpus luteum? What is it then called?
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85
What happens to progesterone and oestrogen levels?
>
86
What hormone leaves to breakdown of the endometrium
>
87
What is different about the estrous cycle of humans and some primates?
What occurs in other animals?
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88
Define gonads
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89
Define gamete?
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90
Define germ cell?
>.
91
What are the precursors to germ cells
>
92
Up until what age are female and male gonad development the same?
>
93
The presence of _______ leads to testes formation
____ _____ ______ = controller gene for testes
formation also known as _____ gene
>
94
What happens to female mice with SRY gene? What gonads do they develop?
>
95
What happens in week 7 of testes development. Columns of cells from _____________ proliferate and penetrate ___________ (deeply or shallowly?)
Sketch and label what this looks like
>
96
What cells form the vasculature? Where do they migrate from?
>
97
What are leydig cells?
>
98
What makes up a testes?
>
99
Where are the prospermatogonia?
>
100
Where is the vasculature and leydig cells?
>
101
When does SRY stop being expressed
>
102
What are sertoli cells? What do they produce?
>
103
What do leydig cells produce? What is the effect of this?
>
104
What are the 2 testis comparments and what are the 2 things produced by post pubertal testis?
>
105
What is the name of the barrier protecting the testis from blood borne chemicals? Where is this? What junctions link ______ cells to eachother?
When does this barrier develop?
What are the 2 functions of this barrier?
>
106
What are the 3 phases of spermatogenesis?
>
107
When are prospermatogonia reactivated? Where do they undergo mitosis?
>
108
What are the spermatogonial stem cells called?
>
109
What are the names of the sperm at each stage of the proliferation process?
>
110
Where does the primary spermatocyte move to? What does this need to pass through?
>
111
sperm - Where does it undergo its first meiotic division? What does this form?
>
112
sperm - What stage is also known as differentiation?
| What structural change occurs at differentiation?
>
113
What is the acrosome?
>
114
sperm - What is the function of the flagellum? How does it work?
>
115
sperm - What is the function of mitochondria? How does it work?
>
116
What is the function of the nucleus in sperm? How is this different from normal cell nuclei?
Describe the cytoplasm
>
117
How long does this whole process take in humans?
>
118
What is the name of the gonad-hormonal axis?
>
119
Give an example of a regulatory facto that gonads produce
>
120
What is the type of feedback loop in male? How does this differ from female?
>
121
What hormone is produced from where at puberty? What physical factors is this dependent on?
>
122
What does LH do?
>
123
What does FSH do?
>
124
What produces androgens? What is it converted to and by what? Where does it bind?
>
125
What is the name of the cytokine produced by sertoli cells? What is its effect?
>
126
How long is the path compared to a sperm? How many make the journey?
>
127
Where do the sperm mature?
>
128
What is capacitation and where does this occur?
>
129
What is the path the sperm take?How much of the fluid is reabsorbed?
>
130
How long does sperm passage take?
>
131
What is the role of the epididymis in maturation? What are the sections called? What is the function of each section?
>
132
How does the human cauda compare to other animals? What is the consequence of this?
>
133
What is the roe of the vas deferens?
±>
134
What are the components of semen? How many ml?
>
135
What is seminal plasma and where is it produced? What is its role?
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136
What are the seminal vesicles and what do they produce?
>
137
What is the prostate and what does it produce?
>
138
What is the bulbourethral glad (also known as ?) and what does it produce?
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139
What happens to the semen when it enters the female tract?
.
140
What are spermatheca?
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141
How long can sperm survive in the female tract?
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