Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

upper female genital tract

A

upper 2/3rds of vagina, uterus, cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

lower female genital tract

A

lower third of vagina, external genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

blood supply of female

A

ovaries - ovarian arteries from abdominal aorta

uterus - uterine arteries from internal iliac
vagina - vaginal arteries from internal iliac

venous drainage
-vaginal venous plexus/uterine vein –> internal iliac vein –> ivc/ left renal vein

external genitalia = paired pudendal arteries from internal iliac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what germ layer is the genital tract derived from

A

mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what cells line vagina

A

stratified squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

explain flexion and version of vagina

A

flexion - between cervix and uterus

version - between vagina and cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ligaments of female

A

broad

  • mesosalpinx (area above ovarian ligament)
  • mesoovariam (part that suspends the ovaries)
  • mesometrium (area below ovarian ligament)

ovarian

suspensory

round

ovarian + round = male homologue of gubernaculum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nerve supply of female

A

inferior hypogastric plexus = T12

but derived from T10 down - so nerve block would be put here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is
Hydrosalpinx
Pyo-salpinx

A

hydrosalpinx = Fallopian tubes filled with/blocked by serous/clear fluid near ovary (distal to uterus)

pyo-salpinx = filled with pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chandelier sign

A

touching of vagina is so painful they jump up and ‘reach for chandelier’

could indicate ectopic pregnancy/pelvic inflammatory diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what node does lymphs from ovarian drain to

+ nodes from external genitalia?

A

ovaries - para-aortic

external genitalia - superficial inguinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sensory innervation of vulva (anterior and posterior)

+ clitoris & vestibule innervation

A

anterior

  • ilioinguinal nerve
  • genital branch of genitofemoral

posterior

  • pudendal
  • posterior cutaneousnerve of the thigh

clitoris/vestibule
-cavernous nerves, derived from the uterovaginal plexus. (parasympathetic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

clinical conditions:

  • menorrhagia
  • metrorrhagia
  • dysmenorrhoea
  • oligomenhorrhoea

-Endometriosis

A
  • abnormally heavy bleeding
  • abnormal bleeding from the uterus
  • painful menstruation
  • infrequent menstruation

-tissue similar to lining of uterus grow in other places (eg. ovaries/Fallopian tube)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

no.1 reason for hysterectomy

+what can this condition cause

A

uterine fibroids (growth of tissue in non-cancerous way within myometrium)

cause

  • polyuria if forwards
  • constipation if forms backwards
  • multiple bleeding throughout the month
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

adnexa

A

structures between uterus and pelvic side wall are referred as this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Salpingitis and what is the common cause

A

inflammation of fallopian tubes

chlamydia/gonoccocal (gonorrhoea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 types of cells found in the ovary

A

surface epithelium - covers outer lining of ovaries

germ cells - destined to form oocytes

stromal cells - release hormones and connect the different structures of the ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how long is the vagina

A

3/4inches or 10cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does gubernaculum attach to

A

gonads–> labiascrotal swellings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why can a cyst in the ovary lead to pain in the inner side of the thigh down to the knee?

A

obturator nerves are close to the ovaries

via referred pain

obturator nerve supplies the inner thigh (L2,3,4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

difference in venous drainage of the right and left ovaries?

A

ovarian veins drain the ovaries via suspensory ligaments

left ovarian vein drains into left RENAL vein

right–>abdominal IVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

relationship between the ovarian artery and ureter at the pelvic brim?

A

the ovarian artery crosses over the ureter

during an ovariectomy if you clip the ureter as well–> hydronephrosis (swelling of kidney due to build up of urine)

the uterine artery also passes above the ureter at level of lateral vagina fornix - must be careful during hysterctomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

level of ovarian/testicular artery

A

L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

5 parts of external male genitalia

A 
scrotum
penis
ureter
vas deferens
testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
temperature regulation of scrotum/testes
dartos muscle contract - form rugae (wrinkles) decreasing SA cremasteric muscle contracts pulling up the scrotum and testes
26
Hydrocele Varicocele
swelling in the scrotum around testicles within the veins
27
what week do testes reach scrotum what name is given to undescended testes
30-32 weeks Cryptorchidism = undescended testes
28
Epididymo- orchitis + main causes
inflammation of testes AND epididymis (Epididymitis = just epididymis) in old men = UTIs younger men = STIs + can lead to hydroceles
29
what does artery to vas deferens arise from
superior vesicle artery = branch of internal iliac
30
2 parts of the root of penis + what corpus structures arise from them
crura - cavernousum bulb - spongiosum
31
what is the connective tissue that surrounds the seminiferous tubules called
tunica albuginea
32
structures present in the spermatic cord
3 coverings - internal spermatic fascia (inner) from transversalis fascia - cremasteric fascia (middle) from internal oblique muscle - external spermatic fascia from external oblique aponeurosis 3arteries - cremasteric - testicular - artery to vas deferens - genital branch of genitofermal nerve - vas deferens - lymphatics - pampiniform plexus - cremasteric vein - remnant of tunica vaginalis
33
what accompanies the spermatic cord through the superficial inguinal ring but does not travel within the cord
ilioinguinal nerve
34
what causes the testes to descend what could cause it not to descend at what age should the testes be fully descended
descends through the inguinal canal because of the pressure produced by the intra-abdominal organs + androgens + gubernaculum androgen insensitivity syndrome should be by 1yrs old
35
what happens if processus vagnilias fails to close
becomes a potential weakness in anterior abdominal wall--> inguinal hernias in males only the proximal end closes - the distal end expands to enclose most of the testes in the scrotum as the tunica vaginalis
36
which side is varicocele more commonly formed and why
left left testicular vein drains into left renal vein whereas right --> IVC Due to 2 reasons - nutcracker effect (vein compressed as it passes between SMA and AB.aorta) - lack of effective anti-reflux valves at the junction between left testicular vein and renal vein
37
cremasteric reflex what may cause this to be absent
if you stroke the upper inner thigh contraction via genitofemoral nerve --> cremasteric muscle if absence - testicular torsion/ spine injury of L1/2
38
lymph drainage of scrotum vs testis
testis - para-aortic scrotum - superficial inguinal different because testes descend and take their innervation/blood supply and lymphatic drainage with them
39
lacunar ligament
connects the inguinal ligament to the pectineal line of pubis
40
conjoint tendon
combination/aponeruosis of transverses abdominis and internal oblique inserts into the pubic crest right behind the superficial inguinal ring
41
contents of inguinal canal
spermatic cord in men round ligament in women genitofemoral nerve ilioinguinal nerve but doesn't enter via deep
42
direct vs indirect inguinal hernias which is more common in men
indirect = peritoneal sac protrudes THROUGH deep inguinal ring (most common) direct = by passes the deep inguinal ring and it enters the medial end of inguinal canal both protrude out of superficial indirect is more common in men because some/all of the processes vaginalis remains patent
43
course of ductus deferens
1. epididymis 2. up spermatic cord 3. superficial inguinal ring 4. out of deep inguinal ring 5. crosses over external iliac artery - bending laterally round the inferior epigastric artery 6. over the ureters 7. down inferomedially to behind bladder 8. seminal vesicles to form the ejactulatory duct it runs deep to the peritoneum
44
prostate division
4 zones - anterior = non-glandular(isthmus) - transitional (close to urethra) - central (right infant of rectum) - peripheral (on either side) the other 3 are glandular = ducts/glands that secrete fluid
45
the clinical significance of the zones of the prostate
transitional + central ('medial lobe') undergoes transition under influence of hormones --> Benign prostate hypertrophy when this lobe enlarges in BPH--> compress urethra--> urinary retention/outflow obstruction peripheral zone - adenocarcinoma is most common
46
What is the blood supply of the prostate? Why is the venous drainage especially important in prostatic neoplasia? To which organs does prostate cancer often spread?
prostrate supplied by inferior vesicle artery - branch of internal iliac venous drainage = prostatic plexus prostatic neoplasia--> invade VERTEBRAE since the plexus communicates with the spinal venous plexus can cause damage to the CNS
47
parts of urethra
1. preprostatic - from base of bladder to start of prostate (surrounded by internal urethral sphincter) 2.prostatic - within prostate (on either side - opening of ejactulatory duct) 3. membranous - surrounded by external urethral sphincter 4. spongy/penile urethra (surrounded by erectile tissue = corpus spongiosum)
48
erection/ejaculation innervation
erection = parasympathetic S2,3,4 (vasodilation, BF to cavernosa) emission = Sympathetic L1,2 (ductus deferens/seminal vesicles contract---> urethra) Ejactulation = rhythmic contraction of bulbospongiosus muscle and opening of external urethral sphincter = PUDENDAL NERVE branches
49
what coverings restrict venous drainage during erection
tunica albuginea of penis (different to the one in scrotum) surrounds the corpus cavernosum + buck fascia surrounding covering all 3
50
what sphincter closes to avoid retrograde ejaculation + What is the neurological significance of retrograde ejaculation
internal urethral The internal urethral sphincter is neurologically controlled by L1-L2(parasympathetic) and is important in preventing retrograde ejaculation.
51
2 muscles associated with the penis
ischiocavernous muscle - they cover the crura part of the penis root (-->cavernosum) bulbospongiosus muscle - cover the bulb part of root
52
female equivalent to scrotum + what does it contain
labia minora scenes glands and bartholins glands
53
blood supply to the testes and the level
testicular arteries L2 of aorta cremasteric artery from inferior epigastric (which is from ext.iliac) artery of vas deferens from inferior vesicle artery (from int.iliac) VENOUS DRAINAGE pampiniform plexus-->testicular vein (left into renal vein, right straight into IVC)
54
mediastinum testis
tunica albuginea protrudes into the posterior border of the testis, forming a longitudinal ridge
55
how many lobules in testis/ how many tubules per lobule
200-300 lobules /testis 1-4 tubules/lobule
56
how many spermatozoa per day produced
108-300million
57
how many efferent ductules pass to the epididymis | + how long is the epididymis
15-20 6-7m
58
4 muscles in root of penis + nerve supply
2x bulbiospongiosus - contraction to expel any semen/urine 2x ischiocavernosus - contraction to force blood in cavernosum (erection) PERINEAL nerve (branch of pudendal)
59
covering around erectile tissue
Colles (from scarpa's) superficial Bucks (from deep perineal) Tunica albuginea (around each separate tissue)
60
9 branches of anterior division of internal iliac artery
``` superior vesicle inferior vesicle umbilical uterine vaginal inferior gluteal internal pudendal middle rectal obturator ```
61
blood supply to penis
from internal pudendal ``` dorsal artery (cavernosum+ glans) deep artery (cavernosum) bulbourethral(spongiosum) ```

Anatomy (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions