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Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gamete?

A

The gamete is a specialised sex cell. The female gamete is the egg cell, and the male gamete is the sperm cell.

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2
Q

What is the egg cell?

A

The female gamete needs to join with the sperm cell through asexual reproduction. It is quite large and contains lots of cytoplasm.

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3
Q

What is the sperm cell?

A

The male gamete swims through semen to reach the egg cell. After this, it will join with the female gamete. To do this, it has a long tail for swimming and a head that allows it through the egg cell’s membrane.

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4
Q

What is the female reproductive system?

A

The female reproductive system mostly develops during puberty. It is made to reproduce and help the embryo/foetus to develop. Organs include:

  • vagina
  • cervix
  • uterus
  • oviduct/fallopian tube
  • ovaries
  • uterus wall
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5
Q

What is the male reproductive system?

A

The male reproductive system has the purpose of reproducing, and producing sperm. Organs include:

  • penis
  • testes
  • urethra
  • sperm glands
  • scrotum
  • sperm duct
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6
Q

What is the journey of the sperm?

A

The sperm goes through the vagina, squeezes through the cervix, through the uterus and finally into the oviduct.

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7
Q

Where do the egg and the sperm meet?

A

The egg and the sperm meet in the oviduct.

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8
Q

What happens when the sperm and the egg meet?

A

The nucleus of the sperm cell and the egg cell fuse, to create a zygote (fertilised egg cell).

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9
Q

What is Mrs. Gren?

A

Mrs. Gren is an acronym that explains what all living things do:

  • movement
  • reproduction
  • sense
  • growth
  • respiration
  • excretion
  • nutrition.
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10
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Sperm leave the body through this tube.

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11
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

The scrotum is a sack that holds the testes outside the body.

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12
Q

What is the sperm duct?

A

Sperm travel along this tube to the urethra.

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13
Q

What are the testes?

A

The testes produce sperm for reproduction.

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14
Q

What are the sperm glands?

A

The sperm glands create a fluid called semen to nourish the sperm.

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15
Q

What is the penis?

A

The penis fills with blood and becomes erect before making love.

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16
Q

What is the uterus?

A

The uterus is where a foetus will develop.

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17
Q

What is the oviduct (Fallopian tube)?

A

The oviduct is what eggs travel along to reach the uterus. This is also where the nuclei of the egg and sperm cells fuse.

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18
Q

What is the ovary?

A

Eggs are stored, matured and released from the ovaries.

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19
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The cervix is a narrow opening between the carina and the uterus. This is where a baby will have to squeeze through.

20
Q

What is the lining of the uterus?

A

The lining of the uterus thickens every month in order to receive a fertilised egg. When it does not receive a fertilised egg, there will be a menstrual period, in which it will come out the vagina.

21
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Sperm enter the body here.

22
Q

What is courtship?

A

Courtship is the process of attracting a mate.

23
Q

How is courtship usually done by males?

A

Courtship by males can be done using sound, scent, displays, movements and strength.

24
Q

What is puberty?

A

Puberty is the process of reaching sexual maturity.

25
Q

What are signs of puberty in boys?

A

Signs of puberty in boys includes:

  • growth of penis
  • growth of testicles
  • growth and development of abdomen
  • voice deepens
  • growth spurt
  • hair growing in pubic areas
26
Q

What are signs of puberty in girls?

A

Signs of puberty in girls include:

  • wider hips
  • the menstrual cycle starts
  • growth spurt
  • hair growth in pubic areas
  • development of breasts
27
Q

What are the stages of a pregnancy?

A
  • separate sperm and egg cells
  • zygote (fertilised egg cell)
  • embryo
  • foetus
  • baby
28
Q

What is the placenta?

A

The placenta has blood vessels from the foetus to the mother. It gives food and oxygen to the baby from the mother. It gives the foetus antibodies from the mother. It attaches the foetus to the uterus, through the umbilical cord. Carbon Dioxide and other waste products pass through the placenta to the mother. If the mother is ill, stem cells go to the mother from the foetus. However, drugs and viruses can reach the foetus through the placenta.

29
Q

How are non-identical twins produced?

A

On rare occasions, two eggs are released. When they are both fertilised, two non-identical embryos develop.

30
Q

How are identical twins produced.

A

Sometimes, the embryo just randomly splits, creating two separate embryos.

31
Q

How are conjoined twins produced?

A

When an embryo splits in two, but then the two embryos collide/the embryo doesn’t split fully, the identical twins will be fused together at a certain spot.

32
Q

Why is the uterus wall the strongest muscle in a female’s body?

A

He uterus wall has to burst the amnion and push out a baby, requiring a lot of force during contractions.

33
Q

How does pollination work?

A

A bit of pollen is transported to the stigma of the same/another flower. The pollen grain creates a chute through the style to reach the ovary. This is where it fertilises an egg. This embryo becomes a seed.

34
Q

How does seed dispersal work?

A

Seed dispersal is how a seed travels to a clear spot to grow without competition:

  • travelling by wind
  • eaten by animals and excreted somewhere else
  • sticking in animal fur
  • explosion of fruit
35
Q

What are the parts of a flower?

A

The parts of a flower are as follows:

  • petals
  • stigma
  • style
  • sepal
  • ovary
  • anther
  • filament
36
Q

What are the female parts of a plant?

A

The female parts are the stigma, style and ovary.

37
Q

What are the male parts of a plant?

A

The male parts are the anther and the filament.

38
Q

What is a perfect and imperfect flower.

A

A perfect flower has both the female and the male parts of a flower - an imperfect flower only has one set of parts (either male or female).

39
Q

What is a petal?

A

A petal is brightly coloured and releases a scent, which attracts insect pollinators.

40
Q

What is the stigma?

A

The stigma is a little heart shape on top of the style, where pollen grains must end up.

41
Q

What is the style?

A

The style is a tube, which the pollen grain will grow down.

42
Q

What is the sepal?

A

The sepals are a few leaves which surround a flower in the stage of a bud, just before it flowers. When it flowers, these unfurl and are left just beneath the petals.

43
Q

What is the ovary (plant)?

A

The ovary stores eggs until a pollen chute fertilises them.

44
Q

What is the filament?

A

The filament is a small structure on a plant, which holds up the anther.

45
Q

What is the anther?

A

The anther produces pollen grains. It is on top of the filament.

Biology (6 decks)

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