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MEDSCI142 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 2 main functions of gonads

A

Produce gametes

Produce reproductive hormones

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2
Q

Oestradiol

A

is formed by the granulosa from puberty to menopause and is the main orchestrating component of femininity

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3
Q

Oestrone

A

Is the male/female reproductive component

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4
Q

Oestriole

A

made in the placenta, prior to labour causes softening of the cervix

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5
Q

Progesterone

A

Major steroidal hormone of the corpus luteum and of the placenta

associated with the preparations for pregnancy and its maintenance

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6
Q

Difference between Sex Determination

and Sex Differentiation

A

Sex determination: Commitment of the gonad to a testis or an ovary

Sex differentiation
The phenotypic development of genital structures due to the action of hormones produced by the gonad

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7
Q

Why is the develpment of the female system slower

A

its slow because there is no active hormone driving the process.
In the absence of SRY, the embryo develops into a female

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8
Q

What do the wolffian duct develop into

A

Vas Deferens
Seminal vesicle
Epididymis

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9
Q

What do the Internal female genitals develop into

A

The fallopian tube,
uterus
Upper third vagina

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10
Q

Describe the male differentiation of external genitals

A

GULU control

Fusion ofthe urethral folds enclosing the urethral tube forming the shaft of the penis

Labioscrotal swellings fuse in the midline forming the scrotumn

The genital tubercle expands forming glans penis

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11
Q

Describe female differentiation

A

The urethral folds and the labioscrotal swellings remain separate, thus forming the labia minora and majora

The genital tubercle forms the clitoris

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12
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Basically Campbell

The person is XY, but all the external genitals are female,

this causes mutation in their androgen receptor gene which prevents androgen function

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13
Q

Puberty

A

It is the reawakening of the reproductive endocrine systems which leads to full secondary sexual maturation with the capacity for repro

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14
Q

Puberty stages for female

A

1) Breast
2) Pubic hair
3) Peak height spurt
4) Menarche

Oestrogen iis what leads to the breast bud, then the breast mound, the

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15
Q

Sexual hair development

A

happens 1 year after pubic hair

happens due to exposure of hair follicles to androgens

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16
Q

Growth spurt

A

happens in females 11-12, boys 13-15

Growth is stimulated by steroid hormones (oestrogen and androgen) with epiphyseal closure ( bony ends) by oestrogen

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17
Q

Why does the first ovulation take place 6-9 months after menarche

A

Because the positive feedback mechanisms of oestrogen have not developed

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18
Q

Why do testicles enlarge

A

Leydig cells enlarge and secrete testosterone, giving rise to increased testicular size

Elongation of penis begins within a year of enlargement

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19
Q

What ages constitute as precocious puberty

A

7 yrs in girls
9 years in boys

This is usually due to a GnRH dependent problem, often due to a hypothalamic tumour

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20
Q

Delayed puberty

A

lack of appearance of the physical and hormonal signs of puberty, 13 in girls
14 in boys

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21
Q

Menopause is

A

consequence of ovaries running out of follicles

The last episode of natural menstrual bleeding signifies the end of her reproductive life and is referred to as menopause

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22
Q

How much do the oestrogen level drop compared to previous in menopause

A

about 1/10 of previous

Mostly produce oestrone

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23
Q

Perimenopausal symptoms

A

Vasomotor( Hot flush, night sweat)

Gastrourinary( Vaginal dryness)

Bone metabolism ( osteoporosis)

Behavioral changes( Depression, tension, anxiety, mental confusion, libido)

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24
Q

What is the function of the vagina

A

1) Elimination of Menstrual fluid
2) Holds spermatozoa as they pass through into the uterus
3) Forms lower portion of birth canal through which the foetus passes

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25
Cervix
Mucus that prevents anything from passing through which only changes for the entry of sperm The internal os is the opening to the uterus The external os is the cervical OPENING to the vagina
26
Uterus
Fundus ( top of vagina), the fundal height is the top of the uterus from the pubic bone, and you can roughly tell what the gestational period is Provides nutritional support, waste removal, and contracts to eject the fetus at birth, it is the source of menstrual fluid Endometrium for implantation and source of menstrual fluid
27
Stratum functionalis
the zone that is lost in the menstrual cycle its increased growth is due to oestradiol it is responsible for the secretory phase, that is driven by progesterone because this stratum is where many of the secretory glands are
28
Uterine tube
Fimbriae, contain cilia, and they beat constantly, thereby collecting oocytes Uterine tube have glycogen and lipids
29
Whay causes the oocyte to move up the fallopian tube
1) peristaltic contraction, and cilia causes the stuff to move essentially things that don't allow the cilia to beat so well is what causes ectopic pregnancy, with things like age and smoking
30
Outer ovarian cortex
contains ovarian follicles
31
Central ovarian medulla
Consist of ovarian stroma and steroid producing cells
32
Inner hilum
which acts as a point of entry for nerves and blood vessels
33
Zona Pellucida
made of glycoprotein and contain a form of receptors it binds with spermatozoa
34
Granulosa cells
responsible for secretion of some stuff, it eventually forms the corona radiata and cumulus oophorus
35
Theca externa
fibrous capsule for structure in growing follicle
36
Theca interna
Vascular and glandular, that help produce oestradiol, | Both of the theca cells and the granulosa cells help form the corpus Luteum
37
Corpus Luteum is rescued from degeneration by the
hCG from the embryo
38
How long is the luteal phase
14 days, it is always 14 days A long menstrual cycle is due to the differing time of the follicular phase These describe the ovarian cycle
39
What are the 3 phases of the endometrial cycle
1) Menstruation 2) Preovulatory 3) Ovulation 4) Postovulatory
40
Assymetric meaning
for spermatogonia, 1 daughter cell remains undifferentiated to maintain stem cell population
41
Sertoli Cells are found
in the seminiferous tubule and are in direct contact with spermatogonia, ABP testosterone in testes so spermatogonia can develop even if testosterone isn't in there
42
IVF
oocytes are harvested and fertilised ex vivo, requires approx 50000 motile sperm
43
function of oxytocin
Smooth muscle contraction Contraction of uterus in childbirth Milk ejection Labour
44
Semen content
10%sperm 30%prostatic fluid 60%seminal vesicle fluid
45
The pathway
1) Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules 2) move in the rete testis 3) epididymis 4) vas deferens
46
The Ducts
ability to be motile and to fertilize while in the epididymis reabsorbs liquid from around the sperm making it more concentrated Sperm then move to the vas deferens where sperm may be stored for several months
47
Vas deferens ampulla
site where we concentrate store of sperm
48
Prostaglandin
Smooth muscle contraction Uterus
49
Clotting protein
Coagulum glue sperm into female reproductive tract
50
The last part of the ejaculate
comes from the seminal vesicles
51
Milky colour
due to phosphate and calcium
52
what do the prostate secrete
citrate, calcium, phosphate PSA, psa breaks down post ejaculation coagulum
53
UTI
travels back to kidneys and urinary infections
54
Treatments for the enlarged prostate
Finasteride Dutasteride Surgery Prostatic urethral lift
55
Erection
release of NO and Prostaglandin E1 causes the smooth muscle of corpora cavernosa to relax 8x the volume of blood Engorgement of corpora reduces venous outflow adding to the engorgement
56
Viagra
Relaxation of smooth muscle requires cGMP phosphodiesterase breaks down GMP viagra inhibits phosphodiesterase
57
Scrotumn
temperature | contract to get it closer to body so testes can absorb body heat
58
Blood testis barrier
prevents an immune response against spermatogonia which have different antigens
59
Sertoli function
nourish, phagocytose release sperm into lumen of seminiferous tubule but also produce fluid for sperm transport Secrete inhibin which stops FSH from secreting so if there is less inhibin, there would be more spematogenesis
60
Symmetry
sperm mature at the same time, and are linked in mitosis
61
Spermatogenesis
length 65-75 days spermatogonia squeeze through tight junction of blood testis barrier Primary spermatocytes replicates its DNA, then meiosis begins Meiosis I forms secondary spermatocytes Meiosis II forms spermatid No replication of DNA occurs in secondary spermatocytes
62
Before Birth development testosterone dihydrotestosterone
Testosterone is internal genitalia Dihydrotestosterone is external genitalia
63
Sex drive is driven by
Androgens | and Androgens stimulate bone growth
64
epididymis
site where sperm mature and acquire the ability to fertilise an ovum
65
What are the phases called
Menstruation Proliferative Secretory Menstrual phase preovulatory phase ovulation postovulatory phase

MEDSCI142 (11 decks)

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