Reproduction and Development Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
what are gonads
A
primary sexual organs
2
Q
what are sex cells and sex hormones called
A
gametes
male (sperm)
female (eggs)
3
Q
the scrotum contains what and why
A
testes- to keep them at a lower temp
4
Q
the seminiferous tubules are the production site of what
A
sperm
5
Q
Interstitial cells in the testes produce what
A
androgen (testosterone)
6
Q
what connects the testes to the inside of the body
A
the spermatic cords
7
Q
duct system of the male anatomy
A
epididymis, vas deferens, urethra
8
Q
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands are all () glands of the male anatomy
A
accessory
9
Q
Why must there be a good blood flow in the spermatic cord
A
to transport testosterone throughout the whole body
10
Q
what are the components of the spermatic cord
A
nerves, vas deferens, testicular arteries and veins
11
Q
the sexual response of a male consists of 2 phases, what are they
A
erection and ejaculation
12
Q
what part of the ANS controls erections
A
the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (excitement)
13
Q
what part of the ANS controls ejaculation
A
the sympathetic autonomic nervous system
14
Q
how many sperm are in ejaculate
A
~100-500 million
15
Q
excitement> parasympathetic ANS>Nitric oxide vasodilator arterioles > erectile bodies fill with blood :this is the process of what
A
erection
16
Q
sperm ducts and accessory glands contract and empty into urethra; bladder sphincter constricts; smooth muscle contractions : this is the process of what
A
ejaculation
17
Q
how many chromosomes do people have
A
46 diploid(individual) or 23 haploid (pairs)
18
Q
1st paternal and 2nd maternal are the two components of what
A
a chromosome pair
19
Q
() carry same genes but not necessarily same form of each gene
A
homologues
20
Q
meiosis (reproductive division) only occurs in …
A
gonads
21
Q
prophase > metaphase > anaphase > telophase > cytokinesis > end product of two daughter cells: this is the process of what
A
mitosis
22
Q
prophase I (crossing over between homologues) > metaphase I > anaphase > telophase > cytokinesis > two daughter cells > both cells go through prophase II, metaphase II anaphase II, telophase II, and cytokinesis> end product of four daughter cells: this is the process of what
A
meiosis
23
Q
male reproductive stem cells that undergo mitosis only
A
spermatogonia (some become primary spermatocytes)
24
Q
primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to become
A
secondary spermatocytes
25
secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to become
spermatids
26
what is the maturation of sperm cells called? (including the development of acrosome, flagellum, and the shedding of cytoplasm)
spermiogenesis
27
early spermiogenesis or the meiosis phase of sperm development is called
spermatogenesis
28
genetic, metabolic, and locomotor are region of the
sperm
29
the head of the sperm is the genetic region and it contains () and ()
the nucleus and acrosome
30
the mid piece of the sperm is the metabolic region and it contains ()
the mitochondria
31
the tail of the sperm is the locomotor region and it contains ()
microtubules
32
the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and testes make up the ...
brain-testicular axis
33
GnRH is secreted by the...
hypothalamus
34
FSH/LH (gonadotropins) is secreted by the ...
anterior pituitary gland
35
what ups testicular response to testosterone
FSH
36
what stimulates testosterone production
LH
37
what facilitates feedback inhibition
testosterone and inhibit on GnRH
38
spermatogenesis, anabolism, secondary sexual characteristics and behavior all affect ...
testosterone
39
female sex hormones
estrogen and progesterone
40
Ducts - uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands are all
accessory structures to the female reproductive system
41
how long is the human gestation period
~40 weeks
42
what is a pre-implantation embryo called
zygote (just means a fertilized egg)
43
post-implantation, the first 3-8 weeks
embryo
44
identification of 9 weeks - birth
fetus
45
connective tissue containing ovarian follicles
ovaries
46
what is anchored to the uterus and pelvic wall by ligaments
ovaries
47
what follows ovulation/rupture
corpus luteum
48
process of maturation of an egg
primordial - primary - secondary - vesicular
49
a follicle is an
oocyte (immature egg)
50
the ovulated secondary oocyte is viable for
12-24 hours
51
sperm is viable for
24-72 hours
52
copulation occurs
3 days before - 1 day after ovulation
53
sperm cross the cervix, uterus, then enter the...
uterine tubes
54
sperm acrosomal membranes (thin) are called
capacitation
55
sperm pass the corona radiata, then bind to the...
zona pellucida
56
acrosomal reaction causes what
enzyme release
57
one sperm will contact the membrane surface first then what occurs
internalization and fertilization
58
block to polyspermy - final meiotic division - then function of pronuclei are the events of ...
fertilization
59
what event consists of the secondary oocyte completing meiosis 2 - ejection of 2nd polar body and formation of female pronucleus
final meiotic division
60
what event consists of egg/sperm nuclei swelling, membranes rupturing, and chromosomes combining
fusion of pronuclei
61
what event consists of
1. fast: sperm-oocyte contact; Na+ channels open
2. slow: intracellular Ca++ release - cortical reaction
-granules fuse; destroy sperm receptors; swell membrane
block to polyspermy
62
uterine/Fallopian tubes are also known as
oviducts
63
what is the site of fertilization (in ampulla)
Fallopian tubes
64
what receives the ovulated oocyte in fimbriae of infundibulum > ampulla (curve) > isthmus (connection to uturus)
Fallopian tubes
65
oocytes are captured by the uterine tube by
cilia on fimbrae
66
what propels the oocyte through the Fallopian tubes
peristalsis and cilia
67
hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ
uterus
68
parts of the uterus
fundus, body, cervix, and cervical canal
69
what anchors the uterus to anterior and posterior (sacrum) body wall
ligaments
70
fertilization > uterine tube > uterus > implantation is the process of
pre embryonic development
71
cleavage - rapid meiotic devisions - and large number of small cells occur during
preembryotic development
72
zygote embeds in the endometrium
implantation
73
zygote > morula > blastocyst occurs during
preembryotic development
74
trophoblast + inner cell mass
blastocyst
75
trophoblast forms () layers then invades uterine lining
2
76
inner cell mass becomes
embryonic disc
77
trophoblast secretes
human chorionic gonadotropin
78
what keeps corpus luteum secreting estrogen/ progesterone (and is what is detected by a pregnancy test)
human chorionic gonadotropin
79
the uterine wall layers consist of
perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
80
what provides the uterine wall with a rich blood supply
uterine arteries and spiral arteries (degenerate and regenerate)
81
what layer of the uterine wall consists of serous membrane (visceral peritoneum)
perimetrium
82
what layer of the uterine wall is the thickest and is made up of smooth muscle
myometrium
83
what layer of the uterine wall is the inner lining ( it is the functional layer that responds to hormones, is shed in menstruation, is the basal layer that gives rise to new functional layer monthly)
endometrium
84
trophoblast and endometrial tissue make up the
placenta
85
() > chorion chorionic villi > blood vessels (umbilical arteries/vein)
trophoblast
86
() > decidua (expands to surround fetus)
endometrium
87
maternal and embryonic blood exchange materials, do they ever mix ?
no
88
between the cervix and body exterior
vagina
89
what has dispensable walls (has rugae) in the female reproductive system
the vagina
90
is the vagina acidic or basic
acidic
91
what is over the vaginal orifice (temporary)
hymen
92
the veginal fornix surrounds ...
the cervix
93
inner cell mass divides into () layers during embryonic development
2
94
epiblast forms what during embryonic development
amnion (fluid sac around embryo)
and body (embryo)
95
the hypoblast forms during embryonic development
the yolk and sac allantois
96
from yolk sac, forms umbilical cord
allantois
97
forms part of the gut, source of early blood cells, source of primordial germ cells
yolk sac
98
mammary glands function in females to ...
nourish the newborn
99
female highly modified sweat glands
mammary glands
100
external of the mammary glands
areola and nipple
101
internal lobes in mammary glands are surrounded by ...
connective tissue and fat
102
lobes > lobules > alveoli (produce milk)
mammary glands
103
lactiferous ducts empty to the ...
nipple
104
in non pregnant women the mammary gland duct system is ...
undeveloped
105
the embryonic disc becomes a 3-layered embryo during ...
gastrulation
106
the head/ tail and left/ right axes are established during
gastrulation
107
() begins during implantation and takes about how long
gastrulation (~1 week)
108
primitive streak
cells flow inward during gastrulation
109
formation of 3 primary germ layers occurs during
gastrulation
110
the three primary germ layers are
the endoderm (primitive gut), the ectoderm (remains on surface), and mesoderm > notochord, mesenchyme > muscle
111
the endoderm is
the primitive gut
112
where does the ectoderm remain during gastrulation
on the surface
113
mesoderm becomes
notochord
114
mesenchyme becomes
muscle
115
the embryo at 8 weeks has
skeletal muscles, blood vessels, heart, bones gonads, kidneys, lunges, and digestive system
116
what happens in a fetus in weeks 9 - 40
growth, body size increases relative to head, and continued differentiation of cell types to form functional organs
117
meiosis to produce female gametes
oogenesis
118
the diploid oogonia divides by mitosis, this is the beginning of ...
oogenesis
119
the diploid oogonia divides by mitosis and mature into () surrounded by ()
primary oocytes, primordial follicles
120
primary oocytes arrest at the beginning of meiosis 1 and remain dormant until when
puberty
121
how many viable sperm are formed from one primary speratocycle
four
122
one viable egg (ovum) and how many polar bodies are formed during oogenesis
3
123
follicular phase includes follicle growth that lasts for () days
1-14
124
luteal phase, the corpus lute is active for () days
day 14-28 and degenerates 10 days later if no pregnancy
125
rupture and expulsion of oocyte
ovulation
126
what Promotes oogenesis, follicle growth
* Promote anabolism of female reproductive
structures – duct system, external genitalia
* Puberty growth spurt
* Secondary sex characteristics (breasts, body
shape, hair growth
estrogen
127
what establishes/regulates uterine cycle;
pregnancy effects
progesterone
128
GnRH released by the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ...
FSH and LH
129
what inhibits FSH and LH
estrogen
130
Very high estrogen level causes surge of ()
causes primary oocyte to complete Meiosis I
LH
131
LH triggers ovulation, turns follicle >
corpus luteum
132
Estrogen/progesterone inhibit () release
LH/FSH
133
Low () causes corpus luteum degeneration;
estrogen/progesterone drop
LH
134
Increased vascularization, uterine enlargement, and weight gain are all indicators of
pregnancy
135
the placenta secretes
human placental lactogen
(breast maturation, growth) & human chorionic
thyrotropin (increases maternal metabolism)
136
during pregnancy blood volume increases how much
25-40%
137
labor is a () feedback system
positive
138
stages of labor
dilation-expulsion-placental
139
full cervical dilation is about how many cm
10 cm
140
high () levels released by placenta initiates labor
estrogen
141
the fetus and placenta produce () during labor
prostaglandins
142
the mothers pituitary system releases ()) during labor
oxytocin
143
the myometrium forms oxytocin receptors during
labor initiation
144
Which of the following hormones is most directly responsible for ovulation in the ovarian cycle?
A. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B. Prolactin
C. Growth hormone (GH)
D. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
E. Progesterone
D
145
The constituent of semen that provides nutrients to the sperm cells is produced by which structure?
A. Seminal vesicles
B. Testes
C. Prostate gland
D. Bulbourethral glands
E. Epididymis
A
146
Place the following stages of the sperm cells from the beginning of spermatogenesis to the beginning
of spermiogenesis:
1. Secondary spermatocyte
2. Spermatid
3. Primary spermatocyte
4. Spermatogonium
A. 1, 4, 2, 3
B. 3, 2, 1, 4
C. 4, 3, 1, 2
D. 1, 2, 3, 4
E. 4, 1, 3, 2
C
147
Place the following stages of the ovarian cycle in order, beginning with a primordial follicle.
1. Involution of corpus luteum
2. Development to a primary follicle
3. Development to a secondary follicle
4. Formation of corpus luteum
5. Ovulation
6. Formation of the Graafian/vesicular follicle
A. 2, 3, 6, 5, 1, 4
B. 2, 3, 6, 5, 4, 1
C. 6, 3, 2, 5, 4, 1
D. 6, 3, 2, 4, 5, 1
E. 2, 6, 3, 4, 5, 1
B
148
Which of the following structures in the adult body is derived from the ectoderm?
A. Central nervous system
B. Epidermis
C. Epithelium of the oral cavity
D. All of the above
E. B and C only
D
149
A change to the sperm cell membrane required just prior to fertilization is known as:
A. Capacitation
B. Gastrulation
C. Parturition
D. Spermatogenesis
E. Spermiogenesis
A
150
“Highly modified sweat glands that contain lobes, alveoli, and lactiferous ducts” would describe:
A. ovaries
B. mammary glands
C. testes
D. uterine tubes
E. seminiferous tubules
B
151
The first meiotic division in oogenesis is initiated ______ and isn’t completed until _______.
A. At birth; the egg is penetrated by the sperm
B. At puberty; the egg is penetrated by the sperm
C. Before birth; the egg is stimulated by FSH after puberty
D. Before birth; the egg is ovulated
E. After ovulation; the egg is within the oviduct
C
152
The muscularis layer of the uterine wall is called the ___________, and it is important for _________.
A. Endometrium; muscle tone
B. Myometrium; contractions during labor
C. Perimerium; forming the outer-most layer
D. Myometrium; replenishing the functional layer
E. Endometrium; replenishing the functional layer
B
153
If a woman had a pituitary gland dysfunction that caused her to no longer secrete LH, then:
A. She would not be capable of producing estrogen.
B. She would not be capable of producing secondary oocytes.
C. She would be capable of producing a secondary oocyte, but it would not be ovulated.
D. She would have all primary sex characteristics, but no secondary sex characteristics.
E. She would have no primary or secondary sex characteristics.
C
154
At the end of Meiosis II in the male, cells known as __________ are formed.
A. Secondary spermatocytes
B. Primary spermatocytes
C. Spermatids
D. Spermatogonia
E. Spermatozoa
C
155
Immediately after leaving the testis, sperm cells are stored primarily in:
A. The seminiferous tubules
B. The epididymis
C. The prostate gland
D. The seminal vesicles
E. The ampulla
B
156
From outermost to innermost, which of the following is the correct order of barriers to the penetration
of an ovum by a sperm?
A. Corona radiata, ovum cell membrane; zona pellucida.
B. Zona pellucida, ovum cell membrane; corona radiata.
C. Ovum cell membrane; zona pellucida, corona radiata.
D. Ovum cell membrane, corona radiata, zona pellucida.
E. Corona radiata, zona pellucida, ovum cell membrane.
E
157
Which part of the spermatozoon (sperm) contains enzymes that can start digesting the outer barrier
surrounding the ovum/secondary oocyte?
A. The nucleus
B. The acrosome
C. The flagellum
D. The midpiece
E. None of the above
B
158
A sharp decrease in the blood levels of estrogen and progesterone initiates:
A. The proliferative phase of the uterine cycle
B. Follicular maturation
C. Shedding of the ovaries
D. Corpus luteum development
E. Menstrual phase of uterus
E
159
The umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. T or F
F
160
The mesoderm gives rise to the connective tissues, including blood, bone, and cartilage. T or F
T
161
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is responsible for the continued presence and secretory
activity of the corpus luteum during pregnancy. T or F
T
162
Ovulation occurs on day 14 of the female cycle, regardless of how long the cycle is. T or F
F
163
The “slow block” refers to the mechanism that prevents fertilization of another egg when one is
already pregnant. T or F
F
164
“Cleavage” results in daughter cells containing half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. T or F
F
165
During implantation, the blastocyst undergoes gastrulation.
T or F
T
166
The placenta begins to form after week 8 T or F
F
167
At puberty, __________level rises as it begins to be produced in the hypothalamus.
A. LH
B. FSH
C. GnRH
D. testosterone
E. glucagon
C
168
28. What is the correct order for the development of a zygote?
a. Zygote > Morula > Blastocyst
b. Zygote > Blastocyst > Morula
c. Morula > Zygote > Blastocyst
d. Blastocyst > Morula > Zygote
A
169
29. What two layers do the inner cell mass divide into?
a. Epiblast and amnion
b. Epiblast and hypoblast
c. Yolk sac and allantois
d. Embryo and yolk sac
B
170
30. Which of the following directly gives rise to the placenta?
a. Morula
b. Blastocyst
c. Trophoblast
d. Fetus
C
171
31. What important process organs in the ectoderm?
a. GI tract forming
b. Formation of ventral body cavity
c. Yolk sac
d. Neurulation
D
172
32. At what week is the transition from embryo to fetus?
a. 9/10th week
b. 8/9th week
c. 12/13th week
d. 40th week
B
173
33. During pregnancy, what percentage is representative of the increase of blood volume?
a. 25-40%
b. 60-80%
c. 10-15%
d. 2-5%
A
174
34. What hormones initiate labor?
a. Serotonin and dopamine
b. Estrogen and testosterone
c. Cortisol and insulin
d. Estrogen and oxytocin
D
175
35. What are the stages of labor (in order)?
a. Dilation, placental, expulsion
b. Expulsion, dilation, placental
c. Dilation, expulsion, placental
d. Placental, expulsion, dilation
C
