Reproduction and disease Flashcards
(28 cards)
Multi Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET)
- 5 week ovulation programme
- hormone manipulation (ESH)
- Increasing the number of eggs produced by one donor
- Inseminating to produce embryos
- Embryo Transfer:
- Fertilised egg removed from donor (adult or younger) and placed into recipient (surgically performed by flushing)
- Implantation
- Surgically or via Vagina - cervix - uterus route
Juvenile In Vitro Embryo Transfer (JIEVET)
- Eggs taken from young (2-4 months old)
- Superovulation
- Flushing
- Insemination outside the animal and incubated for 4 days
- Implantation to surrogate
Cloning
- Can clone elite individuals for use in industry
- little improvement in genetics
- higher vulnerabilities to the same pathogen
- cloned offspring are often abnormal
- Dystocia
- Abortion rates increased
Semen Sexing
- Little difference of genetic gain
* Commercial production efficiency gains drastically
Transgenic animals
- Gene from one animal incorporated int genome of another through micro injections or nucleus transfer
- expression pf certain traits: wool, meat, milk
Hormones
- Oestrus synchronisation and oestrus detection
- shortens intervals and synchronises events
- sponges and injections
- Artificial lighting, nutrition, exposure to male
- PMSG (Pregnant Mares Serum Gonadotrophin)
What are specific management practices designed for?
- To maximise the reproductive process and allows animals to produce at their highest quality.
- More animals will be born healthy and raised successfully
- Examples: evaluating animals for breeding readiness, proper male - female ratios , and proper reproductive success
Reproductive diseases can either be infectious or …?
Venereal
How are venereal diseases transmitted and how will an outbreak occur?
- Sexually transmitted
- A male mating with multiple females
- If equipment used for AI or assisted technologies isn’t properly cleaned before being re-used
What are infectious diseases caused by and how are they spread?
- Pathogens e.g. bacteria and parasites
* Spread without sexual contact and can affect all animals
What is the result of an infectious disease in reproductive animals?
- Abortion
- Infertility
- Disrupted reproductive cycles
- Other abrasive effects
Why it is important that farmers and producers take proper precautions and treat (if necessary) diseases?
- The animals will not be as successful in producing offspring and the farmer will loose money and business.
Darwins theory was based on variation, inheritance and natural /sexual selection. What have breeding technologies changed that too?
*Variation - Inheritance - epigenic effects (non genetic)
What breeding technologies/methods are used?
- Reproductive breeding
- AI
- JIVET
- MOET
- Semen sexnig
- Hormones
- Cloning
- Genetic manipulation
How is the semen collected in AI and then inseminated into the females?
- Electro ejaculation
- Artificial vaginas
- Masturbation/milking
- Rectal palpation
- Insertion of straw or catheter
What factors need to be considered when managing breeding?
- Proper male-female ratio
- not enough could lead to all the females becoming pregnant at the same time
- males have not got enough time rest and recover between each mating
- too many males could lead aggressiveness and cause injures (natural instinct to want to pass on genes)
- Age
- use older and younger males - allows younger males to develop and increase breeding efficiency
- Natural systems
- males are housed with females and mate naturally. males detect oestrus and mate
- Managed mating
- prevents males living with females, humans must detect oestrus and put animals together or use AI, may use a ‘teaser’ animal, ultrasound, hormone monitoring. Might follow up with natural breeding afterwards
A physiological evaluation of animals is taken place to determine whether they are ready to enter the breeding programme. What does this include?
*Age
- must mature before reproductive system becomes active.
To young = physical injury, weak offspring, dystocia, poor mothering skills, shortened reproductive life span. Need to consider age and both birth and conception.
*Development
- bodies must be developing properly to take place in a breeding programme
* Weight and BCS
- over weight = do not conceive easily
- not enough muscle and fat - not able to dedicate enough energy to reproduction
* Physical health
* Genetic and physical fitness (breed, appearance, conformation, bloodlines, no abnormalities, genetic diseases or traits - tested?, behaviour and personality)
* Genetic fitness ( is the dam genotyped for: scrapie, inverdale gene, myostatin, cold tolerance, resistance to foot-trot, dermatosparaus gene (poor collagen)
Give some examples of infectious diseases and where they come from?
- Bacteria, Protozon, Fungi, Parasite, piron, Virus
* People, wildlife, water, livestock and pets, food and forage, vehicles, tools and equipment, pests and vectors
What must you monitor the prevent disease?
Identify disease — Take action to treat individual — Take action to prevent disease spread
- Individual animals health and welfare
- Group or herds health and welfare
- Actions to prevent spread to other groups or locations (Disease outbreak prevention)
- Identify husbandry, reproduction, genetic problems and address them
Identify bio security breaches
What are non-infectious diseases caused by?
- Nutrition
- Injury and trauma
- Reproductive disease
- Behavioural/mental disease
- Cancer/tumours
- Genetic
- Organ failures
Name 8 physical signs that an animal is sick?
- Physical injuries
- Discharge
- Lack of appetite
- Bloated
- Weight loss
- Moving, standing, posture
- Faeces - diarrhoea, straining
- Urination - straining, blood
Name 8 behavioural changes an animal might show if they are sick?
- Demeanour (personality)
- Subdued, excited, lethargic
- Unusually vocal or quiet
- Kicking side or stamping feet
- Agitated
- Sweating or shivering
- Excessive licking or grooming
- Head swinging, teeth grinding
Despite behavioural and physical signs that an animal is sick. What other factors could determine whether an animal is sick or not?
- Environmental temperature
- Weather
- Change in enclosure, diet or husbandry
- Social group
- Date last animal was added to the group
- Reproductive history
- Other animals showing signs
- Medical history
What actions must be taken if an animal is unwell?
- Close observations at least once a day by suitably qualified staff
- Notified immediately if animal is unwell or dead - nature of concern, when started and actions taken (records)
- Routine health checks
- Routine laboratory diagnostics
- Post - mortem examination
- Laboratory investigation of infectious diseases
