reproduction and embryology

Question 1

what are the male gonads called

Answer 1

testes

Question 2

two functional components of testes

Answer 2

seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells

Question 3

seminiferous tubules

Answer 3

production of sperm occurs

Question 4

cells of leydig

Answer 4

also called interstitial cells. secrete testosterone and other androgens (male sex hormones)

Question 5

sertoli cells

Answer 5

nourish sperm in the seminiferous tubules

Question 6

where are the testes located?

Answer 6

in the scrotum

Question 7

epididymis

Answer 7

as sperm mature they pass through epididymis and gain motility (flagellum) and stored

Question 8

what happens during ejaculation?

Answer 8

sperm travels through ejaculatory duct and urethra

Question 9

what is semen?

Answer 9

sperm mixed with seminal fluid.

Question 10

seminal fluid is produced by?

Answer 10

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland.seminal vesicles nourish sperm with fructose and prostate gland gives the fluid alkaline properties

Question 11

what is spermatogenesis and where does it occur?

Answer 11

formation of haploid sperm through meiosis. occurs in seminiferous tubules

Question 12

spermatogonia

Answer 12

diploid stem cells

Question 13

differentiation

Answer 13

process by which spermatogonia replicate genetic material and develop into diploid primary spermatocytes

Question 14

secondary spermatocytes

Answer 14

product of first meiotic division

Question 15

spermatids

Answer 15

product of meiosis 2

Question 16

spermatozoa

Answer 16

after spermatids undergo maturation, they become spermatozoa

Question 17

structure of sperm

Answer 17

head (containing genetic material) midpiece (generate energy from fructose for motility) and a flagellum or tail. sperm head is covered by a cap called acrosome - necessary to penetrate ovum

Question 18

female gonads (what do they produce?)

Answer 18

ovaries-produce estrogen and progesterone

Question 19

follicles

Answer 19

multilayered sacs that contain, nourish, and protect immature ova (ovaries contain thousands of follicles)

Question 20

fallopian tube

Answer 20

one egg per month is released into peritoneal sac and then moves into fallopian tube. also known oviduct

Question 21

cervix

Answer 21

lower end of uterus connects to vaginal canal

Question 22

stages of oogenesis

Answer 22

1. at birth, females have predifferentiated cells called primary oocytes (diploid) frozen in prophase 1.
2. after menarchy (first period) one primary oocyte per month completes meiosis 1 ad becomes a secondary oocyte (plus polar body) frozen in metaphase II
3. fertilization secondary oocyte completes meiosis II
4. menopaus. ovaries less sensitive to FSH and LH and then atrophy

Question 23

oocyte structure

Answer 23

surrounded by 2 cell layers (zona pellucida and corona radiata

Question 24

cleavage

Answer 24

zygote goes through many cycles of mitosis

Question 25

morula

Answer 25

when zygote is comprised of 8 or more cells

Question 26

blastocyst

Answer 26

fluid filled ball

Question 27

implantation

Answer 27

blastocyst lodges in the uterus

Question 28

human chorionic gonadotropin

Answer 28

prevents the degeneration of corpus luteum and maintains secretion of estrogen and progesterone, if this is not produced then pregnancy will not persist beyond the fourth week

Question 29

gastrula

Answer 29

forms after 2nd week through gastulation

Question 30

ectoderm

Answer 30

epidermis, hair, nails epithelium of nose mouth and anal canal, lens of eye, nervous system

Question 31

mesoderm

Answer 31

musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, muscular and connective tissue coats of digestive and respiratory systems

Question 32

endoderm

Answer 32

epithelial linings of digestive and respiratory tracts parts of the liver, pancreas, thyroid, bladder, and distal urinary and reproductive areas

Question 33

neurulation

Answer 33

development of nervous system

Question 34

notechord

Answer 34

induces the overlying ectoderm to thicken and form neural plate--eventual degenerates while a neural tube forms to become spinal cord

Question 35

formation of neural tube

Answer 35

notecord forms and induces formation of neural folds which surround a neural groove--Neurual folds grow inward until they become tube.

Question 36

neural crest cells-

Answer 36

Cells at the tip of each nerual fold which become peripheral nervous system