Reproduction and Human Development pt. 1

Question 1

What are the 3 points of the Cell Theory?

Answer 1

1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
3. All cells are produced from other cells.

Question 2

What cell parts should be labeled on a diagram?

Answer 2

Nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplast, cytoplasm, vacuole.

Question 3

What are the main functions of the nucleus?

Answer 3

Control center of the cell.

Question 4

What are the main functions of the cell membrane?

Answer 4

Protects cell and controls what comes in and out.

Question 5

What are the main functions of the cell wall?

Answer 5

Protection, structure, and support.

Question 6

What are the main functions of mitochondria?

Answer 6

Creates energy for the cell.

Question 7

What are the main functions of chloroplast?

Answer 7

Photosynthesis occurs here.

Question 8

What are the main functions of cytoplasm?

Answer 8

Reactions go on in it.

Question 9

What are the main functions of vacuole?

Answer 9

Storage.

Question 10

What is the difference between holistic and analytical thinking?

Answer 10

Holistic is seeing a person as related to everything, a ‘oneness’. Analytical takes smaller parts of something to study it in detail.

Question 11

What is spontaneous generation?

Answer 11

Old belief that new organisms appeared suddenly from non-living material.

Question 12

Who invented the first microscope?

Answer 12

Robert Hooke.

Question 13

What are the 3 major phases of the Cell Cycle?

Answer 13

1. Interphase: normal cell functions, growth, and preparation for cell division, chromosomes double.
2. Mitosis: nucleus divides to produce an exact copy of itself.
3. Cytokinesis: the rest of the cell divides to produce 2 separate daughter cells.

Question 14

How are DNA, chromosomes, and the nucleus related?

Answer 14

DNA is the genetic information that is in a chromosome. The chromosomes are in the nucleus.

Question 15

When does the DNA duplicate to double the chromosomes?

Answer 15

During interphase.

Question 16

How does cytokinesis differ in plant and animal cells?

Answer 16

In animals, the cell membrane pinches in to split it into 2. In plants, a new cell wall is formed to split it.

Question 17

How many daughter cells are produced in Mitosis?

Answer 17

2. Chromosomes are the same. They are identical.

Question 18

What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?

Answer 18

Diploid have 2 sets of chromosomes. Haploid have 1 set.

Question 19

During which stage of Mitosis do chromosomes line up along the middle?

Answer 19

Metaphase.

Question 20

During which stage of Mitosis do chromosomes condense and shorten?

Answer 20

Prophase.

Question 21

During which stage of Mitosis does the cell split into 2?

Answer 21

Cytokinesis or Telophase.

Question 22

During which stage of Mitosis does the nucleus membrane reform, creating 2 nuclei?

Answer 22

Telophase.

Question 23

During which stage of Mitosis do chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell?

Answer 23

Anaphase.

Question 24

Uncontrolled cell division can lead to which disease? What do we call a clump of these cells?

Answer 24

Cancer. Tumor.

Question 25

What are carcinogens? List a couple of them.

Answer 25

Something in the environment that can damage DNA and cause cancer. UV rays, smoking.

Question 26

At any given time, most cells in an organism are in which stage of the Cell Cycle?

Answer 26

Interphase.

Question 27

What are the total magnifications of low, medium, and high power of the microscope?

Answer 27

40x, 100x, 400x.

Question 28

How is the image you see in a microscope different from the actual object?

Answer 28

Inverted (upside down and backwards).

Question 29

How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction?

Answer 29

One parent.

Question 30

What are the offspring like genetically in asexual reproduction?

Answer 30

Identical.

Question 31

What is an advantage and disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

Answer 31

Produces many offspring quickly; all of the offspring are identical.

Question 32

Briefly describe binary fission.

Answer 32

A single celled organism divides into 2 identical organisms.

Question 33

Briefly describe budding.

Answer 33

A parent produces a bud (mini clone) on itself that will detach and become a separate individual.

Question 34

Briefly describe parthenogenesis.

Answer 34

Unfertilized, haploid eggs mature into a new organism.

Question 35

Briefly describe spores.

Answer 35

Haploid cells that develop into a new organism.

Question 36

Briefly describe vegetative reproduction.

Answer 36

Parent produces an identical offspring from itself (ex. Runners, cuttings).

Question 37

Briefly describe fragmentation.

Answer 37

New individuals are formed from a piece of existing parent.

Question 38

Briefly describe grafting.

Answer 38

Part of one plant is joined with another plant and grow together.

Question 39

Briefly describe plant tissue cultures.

Answer 39

Cells grow into new individuals in a petri dish.

Question 40

How many parents are usually involved in sexual reproduction?

Answer 40

2

Question 41

What needs to combine for sexual reproduction?

Answer 41

2 gametes (sex cells)

Question 42

What are the female and male sex cells (gametes) called?

Answer 42

Eggs and sperm

Question 43

What is fertilization?

Answer 43

Combining of sperm and egg

Question 44

What are the offspring like genetically?

Answer 44

Unique, biological diversity

Question 45

What process produces gametes?

Answer 45

Meiosis

Question 46

How many divisions are there in meiosis?

Answer 46

2

Question 47

If the parent cell has 30 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell after meiosis?

Answer 47

15

Question 48

Why is it important that the gametes (daughter cells resulting from meiosis) are haploid?

Answer 48

So that the offspring have the correct amount of chromosomes instead of double

Question 49

Explain what happens from fertilization to an embryo.

Answer 49

When sperm fertilizes an egg it is called a zygote. The zygote begins to divide through a process called cleavage to form an embryo.

Question 50

What is a hermaphrodite?

Answer 50

Organisms that can produce both male and female gametes.

Question 51

How do plants reproduce sexually?

Answer 51

Most plants produce both male and female gametes which combine (pollination) to produce a zygote then embryo. Pollen is the male gamete and is found in the stamen. Ovules are the female gametes and are found in the pistil.

Question 52

What is the purpose of a seed?

Answer 52

Protect the embryo

Question 53

What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction?

Answer 53

Advantage is lots of variation which helps species survive environmental change. ## Footnote Disadvantage is it requires lots of energy and time which limits how many offspring can be produced.