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Biology 116 > Reproduction II > Flashcards

Reproduction II Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

what are the functions of the female reproductive system?

A
  • produce ova (eggs)
  • receive sperm, facilitate fertilization
  • house and nourish developing embryo, gives birth
  • lactate, feed young
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2
Q

describe the anatomy of the female reproductive system

A
  • ovaries: female gonad
  • endocrine gland
  • located in abdominal cavity
  • held in place by several ligaments
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3
Q

what does the female reproductive system produce?

A
  • gametes via oogenesis

- sex hormones - estradiol, progesterone

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4
Q

what are within the ovaries?

A
  • follicles - where egg will mature and be released

- oocytes - cell that undergoes meiosis to produce eggs

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5
Q

oviducts (fallopian tubes)

A
  • extend from uterus to each ovary, partially surround
  • site of fertilization
  • collects 2° oocyte from ovary, brings it to the uterus
  • move oocytes via beating cilia, contractions
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6
Q

uterus

A
  • pear-shaped, ~ size of fist
  • site of embryonic development (expands during pregnancy)
  • 2 layers:
    (1) myometrium: thick wall of smooth muscle
    (2) endometerium: lines lumen
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7
Q

endometrium

A
  • lines lumen - connective tissue, glands, blood vessels
  • thickens each month - prepare for pregnancy
  • fertilization -> embryo implants
  • no fertilization -> sloughed off -> menstruation
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8
Q

cervix

A
  • lower part of uterus
  • closes uterus, separates from vagina
  • common site of cancer
  • > 90% cases due to HIV
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9
Q

vagina

A
  • elastic muscular tube
  • extends to outside of body
  • receives penis and sperm
  • birth canal
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10
Q

name the parts to the vulva

A
  • external genitalia
  • labia majora
  • labia minora
  • clitoris - homologous with glans penis
  • prepuce (clitoral hood) - homologous with foreskin
  • urethra
  • vaginal opening
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11
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

development of mature eggs

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12
Q

SEQ oogenesis prior to puberty

A

primordial germ cells (2n) -> mitosis -> oogonia (2n) -> mitosis -> 1° oocyte (2n)

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13
Q

1° oocytes

A
  • begin meiosis, but stop in Prophase I
  • arrested in Prophase I
  • at birth, ~ 1-2 million 1° oocytes
  • ~ 200k by sexual maturity
  • each 1° oocyte within a follicle
  • all are dormant until puberty -> a few mature each month
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14
Q

oogenesis starting at puberty

A

-each moth, 6-12 follicles mature within ovaries -> 1° oocyte grows, follicle cells around it proliferate (but only one will mature)

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15
Q

follicle cells

A

protective barrier

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16
Q

zona pellucide

A

thick glycoprotein layer between follicle cells and oocyte

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17
Q

what happens just before ovulation (each month)?

A

8-10 hours before release from follicle, 1° oocyte completes meiosis I, producing a polar body (n) and a 2° oocyte (n), which starts meiosis II but arrests at metaphase II

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18
Q

what happens in ovulation?

A
  • as 2° oocyte matures, it moves to surface of ovary

- follicle cells secrete fluid, estrogens, enzymes -> break down ovary wall

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19
Q

ovulation

A

2° oocyte ejected from ovary in oviduct

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20
Q

Corpus Luteum

A
  • “yellow body”
  • portion of follicle left in ovary after ovulation
  • develops into temporary endocrine gland (more later)
  • secretes: estrogens and Progesterone (1000x more than estrogens)
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21
Q

what happens if sperm enters into the Corpus Luteum

A
  • 2° oocyte completes meiosis II -> becomes a mature egg containing sperm nucleus
  • oogenesis is complete!
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22
Q

what happens if no sperm enters into the Corpus Luteum?

A
  • 2° oocyte disintegrates
  • Corpus Luteum dies
  • endometrium shed - Menstruation
  • new follicle next cycle
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23
Q

menstrual cycle

Study These Flashcards
A
  • all mammals - endometrium thickens before ovulation
  • only some have menstrual cycles
  • estrous cycle
  • menstrous cycle
24
Q

estrous cycle

Study These Flashcards
A

fertile, sexually receptive (“in heat”) only at certain times of year - most mammals

25
menstrous cycle
fertile intermittently, on a cyclic basis
26
what are the components to the menstrual cycle
- cyclic process of gamete maturation AND uterine lining development - prepares female body for pregnancy - repeats every ~ 28 days unless fertilization and implantation occur
27
what are the two concurrent cycles to the menstrual cycle
ovarian cycle and uterine cycle
28
ovarian cycle
- follicular phase - follicle/oocyte maturation - ovulation ~ Day 14 - Lutuel Phase - after ovulation, hormones from Corpus Luteum
29
uterine cycle
- menstrual flow phase - Days 1-5 - Proliferative Phase - endometrium starts again, before ovulation - secretory phase - endometrium thickens, after ovulation
30
estrogen
principle female sex hormone
31
what is the main form of estrogen?
estradiol - secreted by follicle cells, then by corpus luteum - at puberty, stimulates growth of (1) 1° sex characteristics (2) 2° sex characteristics - stimulates monthly ovulation and endometrium thickening
32
what is the difference between 1° and 2° sex characteristics?
1° - sex organs | 2° - breast development, broadening of pelvis, fat and muscle distribution
33
progesterone
- secreted mainly by corpus luteum - completes preparation of endometrium for pregnancy, maintains it - stimulates endometrial glands to secrete nutrient-rich fluid
34
SEQ the General Hormone Cascade
Hypothalamus -> GnRH -> AP -> FSH, LH -> Ovaries -> Estradiol and Progesterone
35
what are the different female sex hormones?
estrogen, estradiol and progesterone
36
what are the 3 different phases of the ovarian cycle, and how long does each last?
- follicular phase (Days 1-13) - ovulation (Day 14) - luteal phase (Days 15-28)
37
follicular phase
- FSH and LH stimulate follicle growth in ovaries | - as follicle grows, it releases more and more estradiol
38
what happens when follicle cells produce estradiol?
- slow rise during follicular phase | - low estradiol levels inhibit FSH and LH secretion by AP
39
SEQ Follicular phase - regulation (inhibition)
hypothalamus -> GnRH -> AP -> LH and FSH -> early follicle -> (inhibition) AP
40
SEQ Follicular phase - regulation (stimulation)
hypothalamus -> GnRH -> AP -> LH and FSH -> early follicle -> follicle matures -> late follicle -> (stimulation) high estradiol -> hypothalamus
41
what happens when there are low levels of estradiol?
negative feedback on AP
42
what happens when there are high levels of estradiol?
positive feedback on hypothalamus
43
maturing follicle
- enlarges and move to ovary surface - ovulation ~ 1 day after LH surge - 2° oocyte released into oviduct - ovulation is due to positive feedback regulation
44
ovulation - regulation
- high levels of estradiol from mature follicle - Positive feedback on hypothalamus - high GnRH stimulates AP - LH surge -> ovulation - 2° oocyte to oviduct
45
luteal phase
-LH stimulates remaining follicle tissues -> corpus luteum -> secretes progesterone and estradiol -> (inhibit) hypothalamus
46
what is the effect of the inhibition that occurs in the luteal phase?
low GnRH and low LH and FSH
47
what is the effect of estradiol and progesterone from corpus luteum?
negative feedback on hypothalamus
48
what happens if there is no pregnancy in ovarian cycle?
- low FSH and LH cause corpus luteum to disintegrate - low [estradiol] and [progesterone] - hypothalamus secretes GnRH -> AP produces FSH -> stimulates next ovarian cycle
49
what happens if there is pregnancy in ovarian cycle?
- placenta releases human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which maintains the corpus luteum - [estradiol] and [progesterone] remain high -> hypothalamus does NOT secrete GnRH -> AP does NOT produce FSH or LH -> no new ovarian cycle
50
what are the three phases of uterine cycle, and how long does each last?
- menstrual flow phase (Days 1-5) - proliferative phase (Days 6-13) - before ovulation - secretory phase (Days 15-28) - after ovulation
51
proliferative phase
- coordinated with follicular phase of ovarian cycle - ovarian hormones stimulate uterus to prepare, support embryo - growing follicle -> estradiol -> endometrium thickens
52
secretory phase
- coordinated with luteal phase of ovarian cycle | - corpus luteum secretes estradiol and progesterone -> endometrium development
53
endometrium development
- arteries enlarge - endometrial glands grow - secrete nutrient fluid -> sustain early embryo before implant
54
what happens if there's no pregnancy in the uterine cycle?
- corpus luteum disintegrates - low [estradiol] and [progesterone] -> arteries in endometrial lining constrict - loss of circulation - lining disintegrates
55
menstrual flow phase
- endometrial tissue, fluid, blood is shed - new follicle begin to grow - Day 1 of menstrual flow -> beginning of new ovarian/uterine cycles

Biology 116 (19 decks)

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