Reproduction of small animals Flashcards

Question

Neonatal disorders (Hypoxia + dehydration)

Answer 1

Hypoxia Usually a result of expulsion -Umbilical torsion -Dystocia Neonatal hypoxia --> redistribution of blood to Lungs, heart, brain However advanced hypoxia bypasses this mechanism - Decreased HR (bradycardia) - Enteric necrosis (ileus) - CNS damage (seizures + coma) - Cyanosis + no suckling Dehydration Higher risk due to surface area to volume ratio Decreased kidney ability to retain water Caused by; -D+ -Warm environment Hypovolemia --> heart failure Rapid rehydration is also poorly tolerated and can result in cerebral oedema T: Warm isotonic fluid (4-6ml/kg/hr) (Ringer's with glucose for hypoglycaemia)

Answer 2

``` VIRAL Herpes (CAV-1) Transplacental, oro-nasal Hepatitis + vasculitis = DIC No suckling, Yellow-brown D+, hypothermia, cataracts ``` Parvo-1 - "fading puppy syndrome" Parvo-2 - Severe watery D+, myocarditis Distemper Transplacental -CNS issues T: Maternal vaccination ``` PROTOZOA Toxoplasma gondii -Hydrocephalus, blindness, calcification Neospora caninum -CNS, muscle atrophy and myocarditis Strongyloides -Transplacental/mammary toxocara canis + catii -Transplacental/mammary ```

Answer 3

Neonatal sepsis Bacteraemia + viraemia in the blood causing systemic infection --> shock If a single puppy is affected --> umbilical trauma If the whole litter is affected --> GIT or Respiratory route Bacteria- Brucella, E.Coli, lepto, strep, actinomyces Viral - Herpes (CAV-1), Distemper, Parvo 1 + 2, Corona Cs: hypermaeic mm + sclera + nail beds T: Warm, rehydrate, nutrition, ATb's ``` Diarrhoea Foul smelling bloody faeces massive water loss --> dehydration Inf: Campylobacter, listeria, slamonella Non-inf: milk replacers ``` Dehydration --> hypovolaemia --> hypothermia Dx: SG >1.035 (if dehydrated and <1.035 then inappropriate conc of urine) Respiratory distress I + II I - Destruction of alveoli II - Lack of surfactant (most common) Lungs mature at 61 days If delivered before this steroids can be given (to dam) to kick start lung function before parturition

Answer 4

FPS - Progressive weakness - Failure to nurse - Reduced body weight - Hypothermia - <2 weeks of life Common factors - Maternal care - Milk production - Nursing - Bith defects - Low BW - Infectious (Parvo-1) Cs: Low BW --> hypothermia, lack of suckling --> hypoglycaeimia + bradycardia Neonatal isoerythrolysis mAb's --> Neonatal RBC's (inherits sire antigens) Cs: severe haemolytic anaemia approx 3 days PP Can result in hydrops(anasarca) Dx: mix maternal blood with neonate blood --> agglutination = isoerythrolysis T: Substitute colostrum + supplement Fe + Vit K Fluids or transfusion

Answer 5

Defect in structure or function usually due to genetic defects Hydrocephalus Build up of fluid in the skull --> pressure necrosis Impedance of CSF drainage or overproduction Congenital/Acquired T: CCS, Diuretics, craniotomy Atresia ani Stenotic, or completely non-patent anus Female = recovaginal fistula Cs: progressive abdominal distention and pain T: 6-8 weeks - small surgical instruments can be used to locate the Colon and open Cleft palate + lip Often in brachycephalics Genetic, nutritional or exposure to teratogens (anything that disrupts normal gestation and foetal development) T: orogastric tube feeding and surgical correction (>12 weeks) Anasarca (hydrops fetalis) Massive subQ oedema Puppies often splay legged and bloated Environmental factors may exasserbate Dx: USG T: diuretics, massage, lower sodium intake in diet Flat chested kitten syndrome Flattening of ventral rib cage If whole rib cage affected it causes curling Dx: dyspnea, sternal flattening, angular costochondral joints T: K+ supplement, Splinting technique -Sutures are used to pull the sternocostal area and try to pull the ribs into place, any soft tissue contributing to the problem should be resected and repositioned to heal correctly Can do in young as bones are more plyable (>5 months becomes difficult)

Answer 6

Split oestrus Absence of, or depressed oestrus signs after a physiological prooestrus. If prooestrus occurs again within 4 weeks usually next cycle is normal (hence split) Multiple occurences: hypothyroidism, premature luteolysis Shortened interoestrus interval Anoestrus <2 months, usually causes repetition of oestrus however unlikely all cycles are fertile (low LH and no ovulation) Causes: overstimulation of ovaries - follicular cysts Premature dip in progesterone during dioestrus ``` Prolonged oestrus 9 days - physiological >21 days - prolonged Caused by lack of ovulation Follicular cysts Signs of oestrus >21 days (mating behaviour) Dx: Vaginal cytology T: OVH, GnRH/hCG ```

Answer 7

Anoestrus State of sexual inactivity between oestrus or after age of puberty ``` Primary anoestrus (no signs of heat even after puberty 6-14months) Endogenous -Silent oestrus -Hypothyroidism -intersex/differentiation issue -P4 producing luteal cyst -Ovarian dysplasia ``` Exogenous - P4 agonists (MA, MMA) - CCS admin - OVH ``` Secondary anoestrus (Prolongation of the interoestrus period. Confirmed when oestrus does not occur 10-18 months after last oestrus, usually occurs every 4-10 months) Endogenous -Thyroid or adrenal dysfunction -Cachexia, obesity -Luteal cysts ``` Exogenous -Progestagens (P4), Androgens (milbemectin, Steroids Dx: serum P4(>2nmol/L for 2 months post-anoestrus) Serum FSH + LH T: Primary - correct underlying issue first Then induce oestrus - Prolactin inhibitors (dopamine agonist ) - cabergoline - GnRH stimulation - cabergolin - GnRH analogue

Answer 8

Behavioural issues First mating must be non-traumatic to reenforce normal mating behaviour Inappropriate timing - Mating should occur during oestrus (approx 6 days from onset) - Common issues include proestrus mistiming - Increased success in insemination at 10-14 days from proestrus (5/6 days from onset of oestrus) Aggressive sire -This may cause reluctance to mate in future Tract abnormalities Can result in impedence of sperm or intromission Vestibulo-vaginal bands (speta) - Can manifest as vaginitis, incontinence, UTI - Persistent hymen - Narrowing due to hypoplasia Vaginal hyperplasia - overgrowth prevents intromission Segmental aplasia - aplasia of tract or ovaries Uterine tumors - leiomyoma, fibrosarcoma, SSS Cervical stenosis - sperm obstruction Cystic endometrial hyperplasia - often develop due to exogenous P4+E2, often seen in adenomyosis Endometritis/metritis - Inflammation and thickening of the utersus can impede implantation of fertilised ova

Answer 9

Mating too far/too close to ovulation -Inappropriate mating timing due to poor observation of signs or misinterpretation of lab tests Abnormalities of vaginal canal -impedence of sperm transport Pregnancy failure -Associated with uterine disease (endometritis) or tubular disease (cysts) Male infertility -Male behavioural issues are the most common cause due to anatomical malformation, behavioural issues or infectious conditions Sperm defects - Primary or secondary defects >20% as well as motility or presence deficiencies Male intersex - XXY (kleinfelter syndrome), hermaphrodite Azoospermia - absence of spermatozoa in physiological semen Incomplete ejaculation - Failure of release of 2nd phase of sperm rich ejaculate. Nervous young stud Retrograde ejaculation - sperm ejaculates into the bladder (Phenylephrine - used to treat incontinence "sympathomimetic") Obstruction - vas deferens (neoplasia, granulation, spermatoceles) Testicular dysfunction - Torsion - Hypoplasia - Cryptorchidism - Sertoli cell tumour

Answer 10

Hypospadias Developmental disorder where the urethra exits ventral or dorsal to usual. Related to decreased androgens in utero. Classification - Glandular - Penile - Scrotal - Peri/anal Cryptorchidism is often associated with hyposapdias Cs: incontinence, urine scalding T: urethrostomy ``` Phimosis Inability to protrude penis from prepuce -Phallocampsis -Short penis -Ballanosis -Preputial stenosis ``` Dx: can't protrude DDx: behavioural or hormonal T: circumsize Paraphimosis Inability to retract penis --> oedema --> necrosis -ballanosis/postitis -Nervous issue (spinal issues) -Tranquillisers T: Cold pack and lubricate to try and replace Purse string suture

Answer 11

Sympathetic - inhibits erection Parasympathetic - maintains erection Balanopostitis Balanitis - glans -Result in stenosis of urethra, adhesions and pain Postitis - prepuce Can be caused by trauma, herpes, rabies Strangulation results in oedema and necrosis with ulceration and purulent discharge T: Flush prepuce (ATB), lubricate with oil Priapism >4 hour erection w/ no stimulation Caused by; -CNS, drugs, vascular issues (entrapment of blood in the penis), masses. -Can be a reaction to phenothiazine or tranquilisers Non-ischemic: Artieral (high flow in) Ischemic: Venous occlusion (low flow out) DDx: Döppler USG T: Ischemic - Flush, drain + phenylephrine (sympthomimetic) Non-ischemic - just phenylephrine Urethral prolapse Result from testicular disease, dysuria (straining), uroliths Cs: pea-size mass from prepuce T: Sexual rest, ligation and removal

Answer 12

Anorchidism + monorchidism Suspected ischemia of testes (torsion or embolism) in utero. Can be associated with sex hormone insufficiency + related Cs -Immature behaviour, feminisation, physical genital malformation Dx: palpation or laparoscopy DDx: mono, an and crypt with serum testosterone levels after GnRH or hCG ``` Cryptorchidism Lack of testicular decent either uni or bi lateral Location -Inguinal -Abdominal -Ectopic (femoral canal) ``` Cs: azoospermia with normal hormone production Higher temp = higher risk of neoplasia Dx: testosterone stim test -Testosterone responce to GnRH allow assessment of testicular leydig cell viability X-Ray, USG T: Castrate (remove cryporchid testicle first) Don't breed

Answer 13

Orchitis + epididymitis Inflammation of testes + epididymis (Primary - direct, Secondary - from orchitis) Non-infectious: Auto-immune, trauma Infection: Brucella, staph, e.coli, mycoplasma, herpes, distemper (HE, BDSM) Routes of infection - Direct/traumatic - Haematogenous - Ascending Chronicity results in fibrosis + atrophy Orchitis - interstitial, intralobular, necrotising Cs: enlargement, erythema, HL lameness, discharge Dx:purulent T: ATB, NSAID, castrate Testicular torsion Twisting of connective tissue that suspends testes (Lig. propria) >180 degrees results in ischemia by occlusion ``` Causes -Cryptorchidism -Neoplasia -Enlarged testes (inflammation) Cs: HL lameness, haematuria, stranguria Dx: döppler of blood flow to testes T: castrate ```

Answer 14

Spermatocele Cyst of the epididymis caused by blockage Caused by; -Trauma -Adenomyosis (invasion of lining with glandular tissue) -Hyperplasia Sperm stasis --> leakage into surrounding tissue --> inflammation and granulation Cs: lack of ejaculation Dx: imaging T: Self-limiting Neoplasia Assosiated with hyperoestrogenism Germ cell tumours - Seminoma: spermatocyte tumour - Teratoma: totipotent cells Sertoli cell tumour - Hyperoestrogenism - Higher occurance in cyrptorchidism Leydig cell tumor (most common) -Increased testosterone --> more aromatisation --> more oestrogen Production leads to prostate hyperplasia -Cs: alopecia, gynomastectia, pancytopenia Dx: semen morphology T: Castrate

Answer 15

Orchiectomy Similar to a castrate uni or bi lateral Cats - <6 months Dogs - (anytime after 8 weeks) 16 weeks optimally ``` Preventative orchiectomy Suppression of behaviour -Lowering disease spread (FIV), less exposure to environment -Reduced roaming - RTA's -Detection of queens/bitches in heat ``` Unwanted pregnancies Hormone driven behaviours - Testosterone - spraying, aggression, humping - Easier to train Therapeutic orchiectomy -Cryptorchidism: neoplasia + torsion -Preventative testosterone diseases: prostate hyperplasia, prostatitis, peri-anal adenoma + hernia Suppression of harmful genetic traits - cryptorchidism, hip dysplasia, epilepsy, hydrocephalus

Answer 16

Benign prostatic hyperplasia Common occurance in intact males >5 years old Benign --> inflammation can cause stranguria, constipation, vomiting Two-forms Follicular Non-follicular (cystic) Increased incidence with excess testosterone (Leydig cell tumour) Hyperplasia --> increased vascularity --> haemorrhage Cs: tenesmus, haematuria (purulent - cystic, non-purulent - non-cystic), stranguria Dx: USG T: Oestrogen, P4 analouges, Castrate, prostatectomy Prostate neoplasia Squamous cell carcinoma -Incidence in sertoli cell tumours or exogenous E2 Adenocarcinoma -Multiple nodules that compress urethra + colon Cs: tenesmus T: Prostatectomy

Answer 17

Cysts Fluid filled pockets that are single or multiple Intact dogs at higher risk (rare in cats) Arise due to blockage of ducts + accumulation of fluid Cs: tenesmus, stranguria, haematuria Dx: urinalysis, culture, X-Ray T: castrate or cystectomy Prostatitis Inflammation of prostate --> common in hyperplasia prostate Causes - Ascending (prepuce, urethra, testes) - haematogenous - venereal Acute: suppurative inflammation, abscessation and sepsis (peritonitis) Chronic: atrophy + fibrosis Cs: tenesmus, stranguria, haematuria, arched back Dx: urinalysis, imagine T: ATB, NSAID, Laxatives

Answer 18

Male infertility - lack of fertilisation of female even after multiple services Semen quality caused by hormonal issues, medictions, infection, cryptorchidism Sperm number Azoospermia - lack of spermatozoa in ejaculate Oligo(zoo)spermia - lowered sperm count in normal ejaculate Sperm motility Asthenozoospermia - >70% motility defects -Reduces the ability to travel up the oviduct Sperm morphology Teratozoospermia - >60% morphological defects Oligo/asteno/terato-zoospermia - reducation in number, motility, morphology Sperm defects Regional - head, mid, tail Primary - during development Secondary - during ejaculation >10% = infertility Chromosomal - XXY, cryptorchidism, hermaphrodite Acquired - Infection (orchitis), drugs or toxins

Answer 19

inability to impregnate a fertile bitch even after multiple services Failure to copulate - Female reception - nervous or aggressive female may put male off - Male who is nervous, or not sexually mature - Inappropriate environment (slippry floor, loud, busy) Physcial Any spinal, joint or muscle injury (especially of HL) Malformed penis - Phallocampsis - Short penis - Broken os penis Systemic disease - Cachexia, depression --> reduced libido - Premature (pre-pubescent) Sperm defects Regional - head, mid, tail Primary - during development Secondary - during ejaculation >10% = infertility Chromosomal - XXY, cryptorchidism, hermaphrodite Acquired - Infection (orchitis), drugs or toxins A/oligo-zoospermia Astenozoospermia teratozoospermia Oligo/asteno/terato-zoospermia

Reproduction of small animals Flashcards

(43 cards)