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VET637 Therio > Reproduction T1 > Flashcards

Reproduction T1 Flashcards

Lectures covered in T1 for Final Exam

1
Q

How long does it take for Spermatogenesis?

What is important to not about immature Spermatoza?

A

40-50 days. These sperm are immature and are unable to fertalise as they are immobile. They must tranverse the Epididymas to mature taking 10-14days.

Ejaculation can happen at sperm age of 60-65days

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2
Q

How many waves of follicle growth does

Horses

Cows

have?

A
  • Horses 1-2 per cycle
  • Cows 2-3 per cycle
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3
Q

In the Bitch

  • Age at puberty
  • Gestation Period
  • Lenght of Pro-oestrus
  • Lenght of Oestrus
  • Time of ovulation
  • Optimum time to breed
  • Breeding Season
A
  • Age at puberty - 8months
  • Gestation Period - 64 days from fertile mating
  • Lenght of pro-oestrus - 9 days
  • Lenght of Oestrus - 9 days
  • Time of ovulation - 2 days after LH surge
  • Optimum time to breed - 3-6 days after LH surge (natural mating every 2-3days of standing oestrus
  • Breeding Season - 2 seasons a year
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4
Q

Oestrogen such as oestradiol-17B

Where is it made

What does it to to the body

A
  • Made by granulosa cells
  • Causes Oestrous behaviour
  • Preparation of tract for mating, pregnancy
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5
Q

What is the common causes for reproductive dysfunciont involving Pregnancy Loss

A
  • Early Embryonic Loss
    • 25-40% early Embryonic lost in farm species
    • Causes
      • Uterine infections
      • Hormonal imbalance eg progesteron dificiency
      • Maternal undernutrition (severe)
      • Heat
      • Stress, maternal disease
      • Toxins eg urea
  • Foetal Death
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6
Q

In a dog when can you see a skeleton in an xray?

A

From day 46

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7
Q

What size should the calipers measure on stallion Testies

A

8.5-11.5cms

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8
Q

How do you dect oestrus in a Sow?

A
  • Vulval swelling and reddening 24-48hrs before standing oestrus
  • Standing in responce to back pressure
  • Teasing with the boar with nose to nose contact, sows ears will prick up, eyes will become restless, Honking.
  • Go off feed
  • Tacky vulval discharge
  • Breed before ovulation
  • Gestation = 115 days. 3months, 3weeks, 3days
  • In oestrus for 2 days
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9
Q

In a mare you have 2 embryos what do you do?

A
  • Day 14-16
    • Crush the smaller one (Bilateral)
    • Unilateral - separate and crush one
  • Day 17-34
    • Crush one
    • Abort both with PG - can still cycle again
  • Day 35-60
    • Endometrial cups have formed (eCG) - (no more cycles for the season)
    • Abort both with multiple PG injections
    • Bilateral
      • Crush one
  • Day 61-90
    • Most will abort if left
    • Abort both with multiple PG injections
    • Surgical removal if bilateral
  • Day 91-150
    • Most will abort
    • After 90 days foetus has passed over pelvic ledge into abdomen
    • Unilateral
      • Transabdominal US-guided foetal cardiac puncture, inject KCL or procaine penicillin
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10
Q

Explain the reproductive cycle in a bitch and how it differece from other domestic animals

A
  • Bitch in pro-oestrus for about 9 days then in oestrus for about 9 days (average)
  • Can be difficult to determine on behavioral signs alone when she is in season, when she changes from pro-oestrus to oestrus
  • LH surge happens about the time the bitch goes form pro-oestrus to oestrus
  • Ovulation occurs approximately 2 days later
  • Ovulation takes place sometime early in oestrus
  • Bitch ovulates a primary oocyte compared to other species whihc ovulate a secondary oocyte
  • This primary ooocyte requires 2-3 days after ovulation to mature ready for fertalisation
  • Fertile period is soem 2 says after ovulation but there is no physical sign that indicates this exact time.
  • Sperm can last up to 5 days in the bitch
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11
Q

What test could you do to ensure all of the ovary has been removed after a bitch/queen spey?

A

Blood test for Anti-Mullerian hormone

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12
Q

What are the 5 classes of follicles and explain

A
  1. Primordial - oocyte, without zona pellucida, one cell layer round
  2. Committed - start to grow, first slowly, develop zona pellucida, granulosa and thecal cells form. Local regulation of growth. Develop receptors for FSH and LH, but grow independently of these hormones.
  3. Gonadotrophin responsive - fluid filled antrum forms, growth slow then speeds up. Granulosa cells proliferate and become sensitive to FSH
  4. Gonadotrophin dependent - absolute requirement for FSH, stimulates enzymes and oestradiol produced. LH receptors also appear.
  5. Ovulatory - granulosa cells with large number ofr FSH and LH receptors, , large fluid-filled antrum, lots of oestradiol
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13
Q

What is the correct name for Vibrio?

A

Campylobacter fetus venerealis

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14
Q

What is the common causes for reproductive dysfunciont involving Anoestrus

A
  • True Anoestrus
    • Normal part of the cycle (eg Bitch)
    • Seasonal: Mare long day breeder, ewe short day breeder
    • Nurtitional : Poor energy in diet
    • Lactational: Pregnancy steroids inhibit hypothalamus , sucking (+ undernutrition) inhibit tonic GnRH and LH secreation
    • Aging
    • Stress
    • Abnormalities of Uterus, Ovaries :Ovairan hypoplasia, freemartinism
    • Persistent production of progesterone ; Cystic ovaries, uterine disae (no PG0, pregnancy/pseudopregnancy/lost pregnancy, still have a CL - prolonged dioestrus
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15
Q

What are the anatomical protections of a mares uterus?

A
  • Three seals
    • Vulva
    • Vestibulo-Vaginal Seal
    • Cervix
  • In oestrus the cervix is open
  • If there is poor perineal conformation or other seals do not work properly, contamination with urine/faeces is possible
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16
Q

In a sow

  • Age at puberty
  • Gestation Period
  • Lenght of Oestrus cycle
  • Lenght of Oestrus
  • Time of ovulation
  • Breeding Season
A
  • Age at puberty - 7months
  • Gestation Period - 115days
  • Lenght of Oestrus cycle - 21days
  • Lenght of Oestrus - 2 days
  • Time of ovulation - 36 hrs into oestrus
  • Breeding Season - Polyoestrus all year
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17
Q

What happens to the granulosa cells once the follicle has ovulated?

A
  • Once ovulated the granulosa cells become luteinized in responce to LH binding to receptors acquired by these cells late in the frollicular phase. These cells then develop into the corpus luteum (CL) and the cells proliferate and hypertrophy to fill in the follicular cavity.
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18
Q

What does the Luteal cells secrete?

A

Progesterone

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19
Q

How does inhibin work?

A
  • It is produced within the mature granulosa cell and it inhibits the tonic release of gonadotrophins, so that while the dominant follicle can continue to grow after a certain point, other follicles will not get the stimulation of FSH and therefore will not develop.
  • The increasing oestrogens also stimulate a final surge of LH which enables final maturation and ovulation.
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20
Q

What specific organisms can cause Post-Service endrometritis in a cow?

A
  • Campylobacter fetus venerealis (Vibrio)
  • Tritrichomonas foetus (Trich)

Veneral transmission during mating

Bulls generally asymptomatic carriers
Infection can be carried in semen at AI

Cause uterine inflammation, preventing conception or causing embrynic death

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21
Q

How can you tell a bitch will soon give birth?

A
  • Check rectal temp, when it drops below 37oC parturition is usually within 24hrs
  • Mammary development - time and degree of development depend on age, prior births (DDX - Pseudopregnancy in the bithc)
  • Vulval Changes - swollen and softened
  • Pelvic Changes - Ligaments relax
  • Lose appetite
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22
Q

What happens if a pregnant mare aborts after day 45?

A

Probably wont cycle again this season due to the endometrial cups being formed.

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23
Q

How do you diagnose Cryptorchidism?

A
  • Palpation, Ultrasound for presence of testis in scrotum
  • Hormaonal tests for testosterone broduced by intra-abdominal testis; may need to stimulate testosterone production by using hormones eg drug with LH or GnRH activity.
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24
Q

Name the Artificial vaginas available for Stallions

A
  • Missouri
  • Colorado
  • Hannover
  • Roanoke
  • Japanese
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25
Q

Progesterone

Where is it made?

What does it do?

A
  • Made by the corpus luteum
  • Hormone of pregnancy
  • Decreases uterine motility
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26
Q

What are the two stages of the Bitch Oestrus cycle, how long do they last and what signs are displayed?

A
  • Prooestrus
    • average 9 days (5-20days)
    • Blood stained discharge, swollen vulva, attractive to male but wont stand
  • Oestrus
    • Average 9 days (5-15days)
    • Discharge clear/yellow, bitch will stand for dog, “flag” tail to one side
  • Dioestrus: no longer interested in male, leteal period (65d pregnancy, 50-80d diestrus)
  • Anoestrus: no ovarian activity at all 80-240days

The bitch ovulates a couple of days into oestrus, ovulates primary oocytes wich take 2 days to mature. Therefore breed around or after the time of ovulation.

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27
Q

How to you treat pyometra in

Cow

Mare

Dog

A
  • Cow
    • Cervix is often closed to to progesteron, retained CL so give PG used to cause luteolysis, myometrial contracton, uterine evacuation
    • Intrauterine flush with saline, antiseptic or ABX
    • Systemic antibiotics if required
  • Mare
    • Usually secondary to cervical adhesions and damage, preventing draining of fluid from uterus
    • Retained CL distended uterus does not produce PF
    • Prain purulent material, flush with saline, daily flush and recover fluid. (Oxytocin after flushing)
    • PG to cause luteolysis and uterine contractions
    • Often irreversible due to cervix damage, surgical hysterectomy for riding horse.
  • Bitch
    • Usually older bitches
    • Following oestrus cycle upto 2-3months afterwards
    • Endotoxaemic, polyuria/polydypsia
    • Xray/US abdom, fluid distention of uterus, no foetuses
    • Treatment
      • Surgically remove uterus (complete OVH) with aggressive supportive therapy pre/post surgery
      • Remove progesterone effects, Aglepristone (progesterone blocking drug)
      • PG - Luteolytic and uterotonic however not registered for use in small animals and can have nasty side effects
      • ABx to limit systemic illness
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28
Q

What hormones do granulosa cells

Respond to?

Produce?

A
  • FSH - mainly
  • Oestrogens and Inhibin
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29
Q

In a dog what are the three fractions of ejaculate and their volumes?

A
  • Three fractions
    • Presperm :
      • Clear <1ml
    • Sperm-rich
      • 1-3ml cloudy
    • Post sperm
      • Clear up to 15ml
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30
Q

What are some male reasons for not mating?

A
  • Decreased libido
  • Inability to mount
  • Failure of erection
  • ​Failure of intromission
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31
Q

how do you diagnose abortion?

A
  • History, animals affected, stage of gestation
  • Damn : serology (Paired) uterine/cervical swab/fluid for culture
  • Placenta : gross appearance, histolgy, culture, amniotic fluid
  • Foetus : serology, gross appearance, age, stage of development lesions, histolgy, lung, liver, kidney, brain, spleen, gut, skin. Culture stomach fluid, lung, liver
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32
Q

Where is LH and FSH released from?

A

Anterior Pituitary

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33
Q

What are some clincial signs of uterine disease

A
  • Anoestrus
  • Short
  • Sycle
  • Failure to conceive
  • Early Embryonic Loss
  • Abortion
  • Post-Partum problems
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34
Q

Describe the fertalisation process

A
  • Sperm travels up to the oviduct (approx 30mins in most species)
  • Fertalisation happens in the ampulla of the oviduct
  • Sperm
    • Capacitation
      • membrane altered, increased tail motility, sperm metabolism
    • Acrosome reaction
      • enzymes in acrosome activated, so they can penetrate the zona pellucida
  • Fusion of sperm activates oocyte which continues to final stage of meiosis
  • Sperm and oocyte chromatin mix and recondense
  • Chromosomes reaggregate to form diploid organism
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35
Q

In a Mare

  • Age at puberty
  • Gestation Period
  • Lenght of Oestrus cycle
  • Lenght of Oestrus
  • Time of ovulation
  • Optimum time to breed
  • Breeding Season
A
  • Age at puberty - 18months
  • Gestation Period - 336 days
  • Lenght of Oestrus cycle - 21 days
  • Lenght of Oestrus - 5-6 days
  • Time of Ovulation - 5th day of heat
  • Optimum time to breed - 2nd - 5th day of heat, Follicle 35-40mm in diameter and soft
  • Breeding Season - Spring and Summer (Long day breeders)
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36
Q

Cystic Ovarian Disease in Cows

Pathogenesis

Diagnosis

Treatment

A
  • Pathogenesis
    • Lack of LH, Stress and Negative energy balance at peak lactation
    • Luteal (of luetal tissue) thick walled
    • Follicular large and thin walled
  • Diagnosis
    • Behavious, Anoestrus (70-80%), Nymphomania, irregular and prolonged cycles (20-30%)
    • Can be palpated but hard to tell between the two types
    • Ultrasonography to determine thickness of wall
      • Follicular - <3mm
  • Treatment
    • 60% spontaneously regress in the early post partum period
    • Causing a LH surge should result in sufficient luteinisation of the cysts such that they then produce enough progesteron to cause normal feedback on the hypothalamus.
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37
Q

What oestrus detection methods are used for Mares ?

A
  • Tend not to show oestrus behaviour to each other so regular teasing with a stallion is required.
  • The mare in oestrus will be interested in the stallion and come up to him,
  • Squat and urinate and evert the clitoris (known as winking)
  • Breed before ovulation, when she has a large follicle (>40mm, soft) and is in heat.
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38
Q

Discuss the factors which can predispose or lead to utering infection in domestic animals

A
  • Hormonal environment
    • Oestrogen increases resistance to infection
    • Progesteron decreases resistant
  • Infectious organisms
    • Bacteria
      • Staph (skin)
      • Strep (resp tract)
      • Coliforms (faecal contamination
      • Specific venereal pathogens
        • Taylorella
        • Campylobacter
        • Brucella
    • Viruses
      • Herpes
    • Pther
      • Fungi
      • Protozoa
      • Tritrichomonas
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39
Q

What tests can you do on a Bitch to ensure the optimum time for mating?

A
  • Plasma Progesterone
  • Vaginal Exfoliative Cytology - looking for cornified cells
  • Behavioural signs
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40
Q

Explain Spring heat in mares

A
  • Incresed light (photoperiod) kicks in GnRH which stimulates FSH
  • Ovary responds by initiating follicular development
  • Increased Oestrogens cause behavioural oestrus However because there is insufficient LH the follicles regress without ovulating.
  • This process repeats 3-4 times until there is sufficient LH being made to cause the LH surge, follicular maturation and ovulation.
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41
Q

Using Ultrasound in a cow what stages can you diagnose pregnancy and age?

A
  • Can detect from about 20days, very small amount of fluid spread throughout horns
  • Day 22 - 6mm spot in allantois
  • Day 28 - embryo 10mm long
  • Day 38 - Embryo 20mm long
  • Day58 - embryo about 55 mm long
  • Little placentomes from about day 42
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42
Q

When does Brucella abortus abort?

A
  • Mid gestation
  • DX bacterial isolation eg fetal abomasal fluid, lung, placenta, uterine fluid, milk
  • Zoonotic
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43
Q

How long is the Oestrous cycle in a Mare?

How long are they in Oestrus?

How long is the Luteal Phase?

A
  • 21-22days
  • In oestrus 5-6days, ovulate towards the end
  • Luteal phase ~14days
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44
Q

For Anoestrus reproductive dysfunction describe the common causes

A
  • No oestrus cycling, no behavioural oestrus
    • Can be due to total reproductive quiescence, ovarian shut down, or due to the negative feedback of progesterone on the hypothalamus shutting down further cycles
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45
Q

Draw what an ultrasound of a mare’s foetus would be each week

A
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46
Q

When might you write a certificate of pregnancy for the mare?

Your client lives too far away for you to rectal the mare and asks about a blood test for pregnancy. At what stage of pregnancy would you test and for what?

A
  • You can test for eCG (Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin) once the endometrial cups form around day 35.
  • You wouldnt write a Pregnancy certificate until you test the urine for Oestrogen suplphate after day 100
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47
Q

Can Bull get be cured of Vibrio

A
  • Young bulls can clear the infection
  • Older bulls become lifelong persistent carriers
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48
Q

If the animal is not pregnant how does the cycle start again?

A
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49
Q

Explain the Structure of Sperm

A
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50
Q

What is Proestrus?

A

The period of follicular development before an animal is actually ready to be mated

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51
Q

List the disorders that can happen at parturition

A
  • Dystocia
  • Stillbirth
  • Retained foetal membranes (Placenta)
  • Infections
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52
Q

Explain the Process of Spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonium

Spermatogonia

Spermatocyte

Spermatids

Spermatozoa

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53
Q

What is the sequellae of RFM?

A
  • Endometritis
  • Endotoxaemia
  • Delayed return to service
  • ​Delayed conception, poor conception
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54
Q

A client rings to tell you that their bitch has a green discharge but no puppies have been born. Should they worry?

A
  • This is critical as the baby may no longer be getting oxygen from the mother. It is usually called the Meconium
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55
Q

Describe the methods of examination of the female reproductive tract

A
  1. External genitalia
    • Vulva, conformation, placement, apposition of vulval lips, general perineal conformation especially in mares
    • Check for size, swelling
    • For breeding animal also examine mammary glands
  2. Vaginal Exam
    • Should not contaminate tract, clean vulva throughly
    • Palpation : digital exam of bitch larger animals can palpate whole vagina
    • Speculum - sterile procedure, visualise
    • Check for strictures, intact hymen, adhesions, abnormal growths, varicocoeles, tears etc
    • Vaginal exfoliative cytology
    • Endoscope
  3. Examination of the Cervix
    • Can visualise via speculum to determine stage of oestrous cycle in mares.
      • Oestrus : Soft, Dark pink and floppy
    • Check after parturition for tears,adhesions
    • Manually palpate per vagina, per rectum in large animals
    • May visualise with endoscope - only way to see in the bitch.
  4. Examination of the uterus
    • Uterine Palpation
      • per rectum or transabdominally
      • Palpate for tone, size, fluid etc
      • Palpate both horns to the tips and body of uterus
      • Palpable lesions include
        • pyometra
        • endometritis - thickened doughy pitting large cysts
      • Palpate for signs of pregnancy
    • Ultrasonography
      • Per rectum in mares possible also in cows
      • Scan from ovary to ovary along both horns and across body
      • Look for luminal fluid, cysts, pregnancy, uterine folds, oedema etc
      • Transabdominally (less resolution using 3.5MHz probe)
    • Endometrial swabbing
      • Sterile procedure to sample cells and organisms within uterus
      • Large animals: pass through cervix
      • Small animals: surgical procedure or via endoscopu
      • Swab guarded or open
      • Used for cytology or culture
    • Endometrial Biopsy
      • Piece of endometrium biopsied with jawed forceps
      • Fix and stain, examine for inflammatory cells, organisms, glandular structures.
  5. Examination of the ovaries
    • Transrectal palpation
    • US examination : transrectal in large animals and transabdominal for small animals.
  6. Examination of the Oviduct
    • Should be palpated especially in cows for adhesions, thickening and cysts. US can show lesions. Patency can be tested through the use of dyes.
  7. Hormonal Analysis
    • Progesterone
      • Useful to assay to determine if ovulation has occured but not definitive as a preg test.
    • Oestrogens
      • Oestrone sulphate is produced by foetus in pigs, horse and concentrations can indicate pregnancy and foetel viability. Sme can be tested in urine (Horses)
    • Gonadotrophins
      • eCG and hCG produced by placenta can be measured in blood or urine to test pregnancy
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56
Q

What is the common causes for reproductive dysfunciont involving Failure to conceive

A
  • Ovulatory FFailure : mares early in season, insufficient LH, Cows with cystic ovaries
  • Fertilisation Failure
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57
Q

When collectin semen from a dog what are the nubers required

Volume

Concentration

Motility

Morphology

A
  • Volume
    • may be diluted with post sperm fraction
  • Concentration
    • >200 x 106 total number/ejaculate
  • Motility
    • 60-90% Progressive Forward Motility
  • Morphology
    • >80% normal
  • pH
    • 6.3 - 6.7
58
Q

How quickly after parturition shoyuld the Placenta be expelled in a

Cow

Mare

if the placenta is not expelled what is this called?

A
  • Cows
    • placenta should be expelled by 6hours post calving
  • Mares
    • Retention > 2hours considered to be a problem

Retained Foetal Membranes

59
Q

In a Cow

  • Age at puberty
  • Gestation Period
  • Lenght of Oestrus cycle
  • Lenght of Oestrus
  • Time of ovulation
  • Optimum time to breed
  • Breeding Season
A
  • Age at puberty - 1 year
  • Gestation Period - 283 days
  • Lenght of Oestrus cycle - 21 days
  • Lenght of Oestrus - 18hrs
  • Time of ovulation - 11hrs after the end of oestrus
  • Optimum time to breed - insemination done when cows seen in oestrus
  • Breeding Season - Perennially polyoestrus
60
Q

What does Campylobacter fetus venerealis cause in the femal?

A
  • Uterine infection, subacute, diffuse, mucopurulent endometritis
  • Prevention of conception
  • Early embryonic death, prolonged cycle, delayed return to service
  • Abortion occasionally early-mid pregnancy
61
Q

How does the LH surge come about?

A
62
Q

In a Queen

  • Age at puberty
  • Gestation Period
  • Lenght of pro-oestrus
  • Lenght of Oestrus
  • Time of ovulation
  • Length of Oestrus cycle
A
  • Age at puberty - 6months
  • Gestation Period - 64 days
  • Lenght of pro-oestrus - 1-4days
  • Lenght of Oestrus - 3-6days
  • Time of ovulation - 24-52hrs after mating
  • Length of Cycle -In heat every 10-14days
63
Q

When asking about reproduction History of a female what information do you need?

A
  • History of oestrous cycles : cycling/not; abnormal/normal; length; behaviour
  • Previous fertility: pregnancy; ease of conception; litter size; parturition; passage of foetal membranes
  • Previous diseases or intervention: abortion; endo/metritis; drug therapy; discharges
64
Q

In a Ewe

  • Age at puberty
  • Gestation Period
  • Lenght of Oestrus cycle
  • Lenght of Oestrus
  • Time of ovulation
  • Optimum time to breed
  • Breeding Season
A
  • Age at puberty - 9 months
  • Gestation Period - 147 days
  • Lenght of Oestrus cycle - 16.5days
  • Lenght of Oestrus - 26hrs
  • Time of ovulation - 2hrs before end of oestrus
  • Optimum time to breed - Inseminate 10hrs after the start of oestrus
  • Breeding Season - Short day breeders - Seasonally polyoestrus
65
Q

What are teh signs of reproductive dysfunction in the female

A
  • Anoestrus
  • Irregular cycle
  • Failure to conceive
  • Pregnancy Loss : Embryp/abortion
  • Disorders at parturition
66
Q

How long is a Ewes Oestrous cycle?

Gestation Length

Oestrus Detection?

A
  • Oestrus Cycle = 16-17days
  • Gestation = 147days (5months)
  • ​Oestrus 24-26hrs, ovulate towards end
    • Breed before ovulation about mid oestrus
    • Usually only show to male eg teaser rams (Vasectomised) or androgenised wethers.
    • Methods of heat detection require androgenised animals to mark oestrus females - Siresine harness and crayons, examine ewes daily.
    • Spurious marks in yarded animals
67
Q

What is the time of attachment of the embryo in the following species

Mare

Cow

Ewe

Sow

Bitch

Queen

A
  • Mare - 16days (placenta starts from 7 weeks and complete at 12weeks
  • Cow - 20-30days
  • Ewe - 11-14days
  • Sow - 4-15 days (signal 1 @10days)
  • Bitch - 17 - 21 days
  • Queen - 11-14days
68
Q

What are the male accessory glands?

A

Prostate, Ampulla, Seminal Vesicles, Bulbourethral Gland.

69
Q

What product causes boar taint in Boars?

A

-16-androstenone

70
Q

What is a Cystic Ovary in a cow?

A
  • Normal fllicles grown in waves, persist at pre-ovulatory size for 5-6days the ovulate at 13-19mm in responce to LH surge
  • One or more follicles fail to ovulate, continue to grow, producing steroids, interfere with normal ovarian cyclicity
  • Follicular like structure >20mm present on one or both ovaries for > 10 days, no CL
  1. Follicular - very thin walled
  2. Luteal - thick walled and produces progesterone
71
Q

For Pregnancy Loss reproductive dysfunction describe the common causes

A
  • Early embryonic loss
    • Maternal causes
      • uterine infections
      • Hormmonal imbalance eg progesterone deficiency
      • maternal undernutrition (sever)
      • heat (environmental, fever)
      • Stress, maternal disease
      • Toxins
    • Embryo
      • Chromosomal abnormality
      • infections
      • twinning (in mares)
  • Foetal Death
    • Reabsorption
    • Mummification
    • Maceration - bacterial infection of foetus with autolysis and putrefaction of soft tissues, followed by resorption or expulsion
    • Abortion
72
Q

What are some reasons for decreased libido?

A
  • Fear, apprehension in new situation
  • Mismanagement/overuse
  • Seasonal factors
  • Pain, disease, balanoposthitis
  • Obseity
  • Hormonal Causes
    • Lack of testosterone
      • Leydig cell abnormality, testicular inflammation, neoplasure, insufficient LH
    • Iatrogenic
      • Hormone therapy, drugs
    • Hormonal dysfunction
      • Hypothyroidism
      • Pituitary dysfunciton
73
Q

What hormonal test can you use on a mare for pregnancy diagnosis?

A
  • Progesterone - remains elevated when next cycle due. Not definitive
  • eCG (PMSG) from endometrial cups from day 35-40 until day 120, peak day 80. Does not indicate foetal viability
  • Oestrone sulphate from the foetus as early as 30 days
  • Urinary oestrogens of foetal origin, day 70 on can determine foetal viability
74
Q

Of the following Glycoprotein and peptide hormones answer 1, Where does it come from 2, what does it do

  1. GnRH
  2. FSH
  3. LH
  4. Inhibin
  5. Oxytocin
  6. Anti-mullerian hormone
A
  1. GnRH; from the hypothalamus, stimulates FHS and LH release
  2. FSH; from the anterior pituitary, stimulates follicular growth
  3. LH; from the anterior pituitary, stimulates follicular maturation and ovulation
  4. Inhibin; from the granulosa cells, negative feedback on FSH (main controller of ovulation)
  5. Oxytocin; from the posterior pituitary and ovary, smooth muscle contraction
  6. Anti-mullerian hormone; from testicles to inhibit Mullerian ducts; from granulosa cells of developing follicles.
75
Q

Development of the duct system

Male

Female?

A
  • Male
    • Mesonephric duct becomes the epididymis, ductus deferens and ampulla
  • Female
    • Paramesonephric duct (Mullerian duct) develops to the uterus and oviducts
76
Q

Explain how to determine the optimum time for mating a bitch

A
  • Behavioural and Physical Changes
    • Pro-Oestrus the bitch wont let the male mate but is attractive to males
    • Around the LH surge which is usually the beginning to oestrus the discharge changes to straw colour and she will flag her tail
    • Many breeders will allow the bitch to be mated every 2 days when she is standing (allowing the male to mate)
  • Vaginal exfoliative cytology
    • Most fertile time coincides with the peak number of cornified superficial cells, usually over 80% pof cells.
  • Plasma progesterone
    • We can use plasma progesterone concentrations to estimate the timing of the LH surge. Serial samples should be taken, perhaps in conjunction with Vaginal Exfoliative Cytology to establise the pregression of the cycle.
    • Plasma Progesterone Concentrations
      • Anoesturs to early pro-oestrus - 1-2nmol/L
      • Late pro-oestrus - 3nmol/L (1ng/mL)
      • LH Surge - 5-10nmol/L (2-3ng/mL)
      • Ovulation - 10-18nmol/L (3-6ng/mL)
      • Fertalisation - 18-30nmol/L (6-10ng/mL)
77
Q

What is Chorionic Gonadotrophin and where does it come from?

A
  • Produced by the placenta in humans hCG, and from endometrial cups in mares (eCG also called Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin)
  • Endometrial cups form around day 28-35 and start to secrete eCG from day 35.
  • This eCG supports production of accessory Corpora lutea on the ovaries which produce extra progesterone, until mid-gestation when the placenta takes over.
  • These accessory CL are resistant to luteolysis so the mare will not cycle until they regress.
  • Loss of the foetus while the cups are still present will not remove the cups or get rid of the accessory CL
78
Q

List the signs of reproductive dysfunction in the female and the stages of reproductive cycle affected

A
  • Anoestrus
  • Irregular oestrus cycle
  • Failure to conceive
  • Pregnancy loss : early embryonic death, abortion
  • Disorders at Parturition
79
Q

Describe / Draw a picture of the cells in the testies

A
80
Q

What are some protective mechanisms that the body has to protect against uterine infections

A
  • Anatomy
    • Vulva, vestibule, vagina cervix, anatomical barriers. Vulval confirmation, cervix change during cycle
  • Physiological barriers
    • Vagina and uterine environment
      • mucus, pH, local immunity -PMNs, toll-like receptors - stimulate cytokine release
  • Clearance of uterus
    • PG, oxytocin cause myometral contractions to help clear out debri post service or after parturition
81
Q

How do you detect oestrous in a cow?

A
  • Often show oestrus at night
  • When cows are in oestrus they will stand to be mounted by the bull, another cow or androgenised teaser animals.
  • Mounting behavious can be detected by observation of the herd, and by the use of paint or other methods in indicate the rubbing that occurs over the tail base at mounting.
  • Clear stringy mucus may be seen at the vulva
  • its the cow being jumped that is in oestrus the jumping cow is usually comming into season.
  • In oestrus ~12hrs, ovulate 10-14hrs after standing oestrus
82
Q

What are some disorders affecting the vagina

A
  • Congenital - Strictures, persistant hymen
  • Cystic Structures
  • Varicocoele, varicose veins - cause bleeding especially seen in mares
  • Neoplasia - Clinical signs of a mass or a discharge, Surgical excision
83
Q

When does Leptospirosis cause abortions

Dx

Prevention

A
  • 4months - term
  • Serology
  • Vaccination - Sheep, cattle, goats, Dog, Pig
  • ZOONOTIC
84
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of abortion

List some non infectious causes of abortion

A
  • Direct foetal effect - foetus affected and dies
  • Placental effect - Placenta loses function, the foetus becomes stressed, initiates early parturition of an incompetent foetus
  • Damaged uterus/placenta produces PG, which initiates early parturition
  • Increase in maternal corticosteroids, initiate early parturition

Non-infection causes of abortion

  • Developmental abnormalities
  • Nutrition
  • Stress
  • Twinning in mares or camelids
85
Q

You perform a rectal examination on a cow/mare and feel an enlarged ovary. List your differential diagnosis and explain how you could differentiate between the conditions

A

DDX

  • Granulosa/Thecal Tumour
  • Haematomas
  • Anovulatory Haemorrhagic Follicles
  • Teratomas

Monitor condition, take samples for hormonal analysis, monitor other ovary to help in diagnosis

86
Q

What does the pregnancy Hormone Prolactin do

A
  • Anterior pituitary hormone
  • Lutertrophic in some species (supports CL, involved in maintaining pregnancy)
  • Mammary gland development, Lactogenesis
87
Q

List the hormones controlling male reproduction and describe their effects

A
  • FSH
    • Supports Sertoli Cells for sperm maturation
    • Stimulates Sertoli cells to produce inhibin and androgen binding protein (ABP)
    • Stimulates Sertoli cells to aromatise testosterone to oestradiol
  • LH
    • Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone
  • Testosterone
    • Necessary for spermatogenesis and development of secondary sex characteristics
    • Negative feedback on LH, GnRH
  • Inhibin
    • Negative feedback of FSH
88
Q

What is freemantinism?

A
  • In Bovines when there is amale and female cotwins over 90% of the females develop as a freemartin.
  • The Placental vessels anastomose, passage of hormaones or cells from the male suppresses or interferes with femal development.
  • Heifers does not cycle
  • Physically normal, external genitalia small, short vagina, internal reproductive organs undeveloped or missing parts.
89
Q

What is a foal heat?

Whats the gestation lenght of a mare?

A
  • Foal heat is approximately one week after foal - may serve then if all ok - uterus involuted, no infection (Embryo rarely survives from the foal heat
  • Gestation 11 months (336days)
90
Q

Most species produce testosterone and dihydrotestosterone list the 2 species that produce different steroids and name these

A
  • Boar
    • Oestrone Sulphate
    • Delta-16-androstenone
  • Stallion
    • Oestrone sulphate
    • Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
91
Q

When should you be able to palpate testies in a dog?

Horse?

A
  • 2-4 weeks but definitive diagnosis of cryptorchidism may have to wait until 5-10months of age.
  • In a horse both testes shoudl be palpable in the scrotum shortly after birth, and other animals they should be present at birth.
92
Q

IN a pregnant bitch giving birth,

How long between puppies?

How long should be the maximum parturition length?

A
  • 5-120mins between puppies
  • Will then rest for a while,
  • Never leave for >20-30 mins of stron non-productive straining
  • Dont wait > 2-4hrs between puppies
  • Never allow parturtion to go on > 24hrs
93
Q

What are teh three main types of Disorders of Reproductive Development?

A
  • Disorders of chromosomal Sex
    • in Mammals, females are XX and Males XY
  • Disorders of Development
    • Gonads, Ductal System, Cryptorchidism
  • Disorders of phenotypic sex
    • External genitalia abnormal or not matching the genotype.
94
Q

What are soem reasons to conduct a Repro Exam on a female?

A
  • Prepurchase or insurance
  • Before she goes to a stud to determine potential for fertality
  • Has history of abnormality
  • Routine flock/herd health examination
95
Q

What drugs would you give as treatment for RFM?

A
  • Oxytocin, PG
    • causes uterine contractions
    • Oxytocin useful when oestrogens high (first 12-24hrs)
  • Abx
    • systemic if have systemic signs of toxaemia
    • Local Abx - perraries in cows eg tetracyclines
  • NSAID
    • Flunixin anti-endotoxic dose
  • Tetanus cover in mares important
96
Q

What treatment options are there for Cryptorchidism?

A
  • None effective, especially if the retained testis is intra-abdominal
  • Time
  • Hormonal stimulation attempted (LH)
  • Surgical treatment to produce descent. (Discouraged)
  • Surgically removal of both testes. As Cryptorchidism is hereditary consider not breading from this animal.
97
Q

What are your options for treatment for Retained Foetal Membranes

A
  • Manual removal
  • Conservative - time, keep dam healthy
  • Flushing
  • Drug therapy
98
Q

What is a specific venereal disease for Horses?

How do you diagnose on a Mare/Stallion?

A
  • Taylorella equigenitalis
    • causes Contageous equine metritis (not in Australia)]
  • Clitoral swab, of clitoral fossa and sinuses, cultured specific conditions to detect
  • Stallion in the urethral fossa

Horses comming to WA MUST be cleared for Taylorella

99
Q

What are the 4 sections of the oviduct?

What section of the oviduct does fertalisation usually happen?

A
  • Fimbriae, Infundibulum, Amuplla, isthmus
  • Ampulla is there fertilisation normally occurs.
100
Q

In a cow how many waves of follicles do they have?

A

2-3waves

101
Q

What cells would you see in Vaginal Exfoliative Cytology during

Anoestrus

Proestrus

Early Oestrus

Late oestrus

Dioestrus

A
102
Q

How do you diagnose Vibrio or Trich?

A
  • Clinical picture
    • ROS
    • Infertility (eg many not preg at PD_
  • Washes/Samples of reproductive tract - prepuce of bulls, vaginal discharge of cow, aborted material
    • Culture for Trichomoniasis
    • Look for antibodies for Vibrio “CampELISA”
103
Q

Where does Oestrogens come from?

A
  • FSH binds to recptors on mature Granulosa Cells to stimulate oestrogens
  • LH can bind to receptors on both thecal and granulosa cells around the follicle and stimulate further production of steroids, which are converted to oestrogens in the granulosa cells.
104
Q

What are the 2 serving tests and explain

A
  • Serving ability
    • Evaluation of ;libido and ability to serve
    • single bull test with female in oestrus
    • to assess infertility / suspect servce fault (insurance claim)
  • Serving Capacity
    • The number of services completed within a givin interval in a test situation - quantative
    • 20 or 40 mins
    • Bull to female ration 5;5, 4:4 or 3:3
105
Q

What is the difference between a

Haemaphrodite

and a

Pseudohermaphrodite?

A
  • Hermaphrodite
    • has both ovarian and testicular tissue with variable external genitalia, often a combination of both male and female.
  • Pseudohermaphrodite
    • Gonads of one sex and genitalia of the other with variable external appearance.
106
Q

Where is Trichomoniasis found?

What symptons do Bull get?

In cows what signs/symptoms does Trich cause?

A
  • North Australia (not common in SW WA)
  • Bulls asymptomatic carriers
  • Causes uterine inflammation 1-2months post service leading to embryonic death - so delayed return to service
  • Can cause abourtion
  • Can lead to Pyometra
  • Organism can be found in reporductive secretions, washes of bull and cow
107
Q

What is the common causes for reproductive dysfunciont involving irregular cycle?

A
  • Short cycle ; eg, early regression of CL, endogenous PG release, first cycle of the season
  • Prolonged Oestrus/nymphomania; transition phase in mares, not enough LH for ovulation, folluicular cysts in cows
  • Prolonged interoestrus interval ; prolonged dioestrus, early embryonic death
  • SPlit oestrus
  • Silent Oestrus
108
Q

Cows

  • Average Conception Rates
  • Average Calving Rate
  • Embryonic Loss Rate
  • Gestation Length
A
  • Average Conception Rates - 90%
  • Average Calving Rate - 55%
  • Embryonic Loss Rate - 30-40%
  • Gestation Length - 9 months 282days
109
Q

Name some spontaneous ovulating animals

When does ovulation occur in these animals?

A
  • Cats, rabbits, camelids and fettets.
  • The physical stimulation of mating induces an increased release of GnRH which causes a surge of LH. Ovulation generally occurs 1`-2days after mating.
110
Q

All mammalian foetuses develop the female duct system unless what happens?

A
  • Unless influenced by testicular hormones/substances.
    • Mullerian inhibiting substance inhibits the development of the female duct system
    • Androgens cause masculinisation of the tract
111
Q

What organism can cause Orchitis in bulls?

A
  • Brucella
  • A.pyogenes
  • E.coli
  • Nocardia
  • Staph/strep
  • Salmonella
  • Haemophilus
112
Q

A pregnant at-term mare has a thick red structure protruding from her vulva is this ok?

A

No this is the chorioallantosis and the baby may suffocate as it may no longer be getting maternal blood supply

113
Q

Identify and Describe the stages of parturition

A
  • First Stage - Into the canal
    • Active contractions of the myometruim (about 10-15mins apart and last for 15-30 seconds)
    • Dilation of the Cervix
    • Foetus may be roating into position
    • Mother Restless and umcomfortable
  • Second Stage - Delivery
    • Foetus enters the birth canal
    • Placenta (allantois) ruptures (=waters broken)
    • Obvious abdominal straining - foetus through cervix stilumates
    • Large animals usually lie down
    • Foetus Expelled through the vulva
  • Third Stage - Expell Membranes
    • Expulsion of foetal membranes
    • Some animals may eat the membranes
    • Involution of uterus - contracts and regresses to normal size
    • Normal lochia discharge for 1-3weeks
114
Q

What are some bacterial causes for abortion?

Other

Viral

A
  • Bacterial
  • Brucella abortus
  • Campylobacter setus subs venerealis
  • Leptospirosis *Zoonotic*
  • Listeria *Zoonotic*
  • Salmonella
  • A.pyogenes
  • Bacillus
  • Haemophilus

Other

  • Mycoplasma
  • Chlamydia
  • Coxiella buretii
  • Neospora caninum
  • Tritrichomonas
  • Toxoplasma gondii

Viral

  • Herpes Virus
    • EHV1 - Equine
    • IBR - Cattle
    • CHV - Dog
    • FHV - Cat
  • Bovine Virus Diarrhoea
    • infection day 50-125 = persistant infected (PI)
  • Feline leukaemia virus
  • Feline infectious peritonitis
  • Feline panleucopaenia
  • Porcine parvovirus
  • Blue tongue
  • Equine viral arteritis (exotic)
115
Q

When does Vibrio cause abortion?

How do you Diagnose

Prevention

A
  • Sheep, Cattle abortions early - mid gestation
  • IHC, ELISA (vaginal mucus), PCR
  • Vaccinate
116
Q

For Disorders of parturition reproductive dysfunction describe the common causes

A
  • Dystocia
  • Stillbirth “expulsion within a period of viability”
  • Retained foetal membranes
  • Post-parturient infections
117
Q

There are several types of placenta name thema nd link to species

A
  • Diffuse - Horse and Pigs
    • Almost the entire surface of the chorio-allantosis is covered with villi and microvilli which project into crypts of pockets in the endometrium
  • Cotyledonary - Ruminants
    • The endometrial caruncles interdigitate with cotyledons on the allanto-chorion, to form placentomes, and placental exchange occurs only at these sites
  • Zonary - dog and Cat (Carnivores)
    • The placenta forms a zonary band or girdle around the circumference of the uterine lumen in the middle of the oval chorionic sac
  • Discord - Primates
    • Only the tissues of the chorionic villi seperate maternal and foetal blood
118
Q

Post Service Endometritis

Clinical Signs

Diagnosis

A
  • A normal mare will clear debris (old semen ) post service in 2-3 days
  • Clinical Signs
    • Suseptible mare
      • discharge may continue longer than 3 days
      • Uterine tone poor on rectal exam
      • US exam see intra-uterine fluid in dioestrus
    • Mare:
      • Failure to conceive
      • Return to service
  • Diagnosis
    • History
    • Palpation and US exam of tract
    • Swab of tract: cytology look for PMN’s Culture organisms
    • Use cytology in interpretation of culture
    • Biopsy of endometrium
  • Treatment
    • Clearance is everying
      • Remove debris from Uterus
        • Flush with saline/hartmant until clear, flushing tube through the cervix into uterus, flush fluid in and remove.
      • Uterotonic to enhance clearance
        • Oxytocin (Best at Oestrus to help contract uterus) Frequently for a few hours
        • PG
    • ABx
      • Sensitivity test on bacteria and then appropriate abx - eg penicillin (Gram +), genatmicin or neomycin (Gram -ve), ceftiofur (Both), Ticarcillin (+ clavulonate)
      • *
          • 1 L at a time until clear
119
Q

For irredular cycle reproductive dysfunction describe the common causes

A
  • Short cycle; eg early regression of CL, endogenous PG release, first cycle of the season
  • Prolonged oestrus/nymphomania:transition phase in mares, follicular cysts in cows and bitches, apparent continuation of oestrus in queens that are not induced to ovulate
  • Prolonged interoestrous interval: prolonged dioestrus, early embryonic death
  • Split oestrus; early oestrus mare, occasionally seen in the bitch
  • Silent oestrus; first cycle of the season in sheep that have had no priming progesterone, young or shy animals low in hierarchy
120
Q

What could cause abnormal concentration, motility, morpholody in sperm

A
  • Heat
  • Stress
  • Season
  • Heredity
  • Puberty
  • Toxicity
  • Nutritional
121
Q

What is Dioestrus?

A

The period of functional CL (The Luteal Phase)

122
Q

At ovulation in most animals the oocyte is mature, What species is this not the case and how long after ovulation does it take for the primary oocyte to mature?

A
  • Canine
  • 48hrs
123
Q

What is a complete male BSE involve

A
  • Identification of the animal
  • History
    • Clinical
      Reproductive
  • General Physical Exam
  • Physical examination or reproductive tract
    • External genitalia
    • Internal genitalia
  • Observation of libido and mating ability
  • Semen evaluation
124
Q

What is metoestrus

A
  • The very initial period just after ovulation while the CL is being formed
125
Q

In the following species list the critical period of recognition of pregnancy

Mare

Cow

Ewe

Sow

Bitch

Queen

A
  • Days after Ovulation
  • Mare - 12-14days
  • Cow - 15-16 days
  • Ewe - 13-14days
  • Sow - 11-12days
  • Bitch - None as CL stays for 63-64days Pregnant or not.
  • Queen
126
Q

In a horse how much normal motil sperm is required per artificial insemination?

A

100-500 million normal motile sperm

127
Q

What are some signs of impending parturition in the bitch?

A
  • RElaxation of pelvic and abdominal muscles
  • Restlessness, nesting behaviour (Days)
  • Enlarged mammary glands (days)
  • Fluctuating temperature, decreases to approx 36oC (12hrs)
  • Appetite may decrease 12-24 horus before
  • Decreased progesterone
128
Q

In a mare when does the embryo fix in place?

When do the endrometial cups form and remain till?

What does the Endrometrial cups produce? and what does this do?

A
  • About day 16
  • Form day 35, remain until about day 90
  • eCG associated with accessory CL prevents cycling again
129
Q

At parturition what does PGF and PGE do?>

A
  • PGF2a
    • Causes regression of CL in most species
    • Causes myometrial contractions
    • and PGE cause vcervical relaxation
  • PGE
    • may cause closure of the ductus ateriosus
130
Q

How do you control Vibrio/Trich?

A
  • Quarantine Clean/Exposed, and gradually cull exposed animals
  • Sexual rest of bull, reculture several times to check if still infected
  • Sexual rest of cow, minimun 3 cycles, can clear the organise
  • Use AI (with clean semen and do not cross contaminate)
  • Use Young Bulls <4 yeards ol
  • Vaccinate against Camplyobacter
131
Q

Describe the difference between a regular mammalian ovary and that of an Equine Ovary

A

In equine the corticomedullary areas are rearranged so that the cortex is enclosed within the medulla, with ovulation onl occuring from the ovulation fossa.

132
Q

What does progesterone do and where does it come from?

A
  • Maintains pregnancy
  • Secreted fromt eh CL and from the placenta in some animals
  • Exerts negative feedback on the hypothalamus so preventing new oestrus cycle
  • Decreases uterine motility
  • Increases glandular secretion of the uterus.
133
Q

What is the main source of progesteron in the following Species

Bovine

Ovine

Canine

Procine

Camelid

Feline

A
  • Bovine - CL then placenta takes over 6-8months = late in gestation (9mths)
  • Ovine - CL then placenta takes over +/- 50days = early in gestation (5mths)
  • Canine, Porcine, Camelid - CL entire gestation
  • Feline - CL and Placenta
  • Equine - Primary CL to 45days, Supplementary CL’s 40-90days, Placenta >60days
134
Q

What do Leydig cells produce?

What hormone stimulates Leydig Cells into production?

A

Testosterone

LH

135
Q

When doing a Stallion BSE give the following measurements we are after

Volume of sperm

Concentration

Motility

Morphology

A
  • Volume
    • Average gel-free semen :
      • approx 55ml first collection
      • 45ml second collection
    • Average volume of gel
      • 10ml (1st)
      • 5ml (2nd)
  • Concentration
    • 100-300million sperm/ml
      • Want >100million/ml
    • Total sperm/ejaculation - 10-12 x109
    • Second collection not less than half the total number in first collection
  • Motility
    • >50% for good, prefer >60%
    • Motility form second collection is usually better
    • Extend raw semen to a dilution of 25million/mL for best look at motility
    • Look for Progressive Forward Motility (PFM)
  • Morphology
    • >50-60% normal to be compatible with fertility
136
Q

For Failure to conceive reproductive dysfunction describe the common causes

A
  • Mating Failure
  • Ovulatory Failure ; mares early in season with insufficient LH, Cows with cystic ovaries; insufficient stimulation for induced ovulators, pituitary failure
  • Fertalisation Failure
137
Q

When doing a rectal palpation of a cow what things/signs can you feel at differeing stages of pregnancy?

A
  • Fluid in tip of one horn - 5 weeks
  • Foetus can be detected from about 10weeks
  • Cotyledons can be felt from about 11-12weeks as small floaty bumbs which enlarge over the course of gestation
  • Fremitus can be felt in the middle uterine artery
    • on the pregnant side @ 4.5-5months
    • On the non-pregnant side at about 6 months
  • Using Ulstrsonography
    • Embryonic Vesicle is detectable at day 14
    • Heart beat detected at day 24
    • Rib can be visualised from day 51-55
    • PLacentomes can be detected by day 35 in the area of the embryo and throughout the uterine horn by day 60
138
Q

When evaluating semen what are we lookng at?

A
  • Volume
  • Colour
  • Concentration
  • Motility (swirl, progressive forward motility)
  • Morphology
  • pH
  • Other test
139
Q

Where is spermatozoa made?

A

Within Sertoli cells

140
Q

What is this?

A

Cytoplasmic Droplet (Proximal)

141
Q

What are the steps in a reproductive examination of a female?

A
  • Identification, Age
  • Histroy: General and Reproduction
    • Previous cycles, pregancy’s, mating attempts
  • Examination of the reproductive tract
  • Hormonal analysis

VET637 Therio (1 decks)

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