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Biology > Reproduction Y8 > Flashcards

Reproduction Y8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

When there are 2 parents, gametes and it creates genetic variation

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2
Q

What is a-sexual reproduction ?

A

Only 1 parent, no gametes, genetically identical to parent

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3
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells that contain genetic information (DNA)of a parent

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4
Q

How many sperm are made per day?

A

Millions

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5
Q

How is the sperm specialised for its functions?(3)

A

-Flagellum for swimming
-lots of mitochondria for respiration to release energy
-nucleus has half the set of genetic material (half from father)

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6
Q

How is the egg specialised for its functions?(3)

A

-lots of mitochondria for respiration to release energy
-nucleus has half the set of genetic material from the mother
-jelly coat around egg that makes sure only one sperm can enter and fertilise the egg

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7
Q

What gamete:
-is larger
-moves the most
-has a larger food store
-released more

A

-egg is larger
-sperm moves more as it swims, egg doesn’t move much
-egg has large food store, sperm doesn’t have a store
-sperm, millions can be produced in a day, only 1 egg released per month

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8
Q

Fertilisation definition

A

Fertilisation is the process of the nuclei of a sperm and egg cell(male and female sex cells) fusing together

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9
Q

What is it called when the nuclei of a sperm and egg fuse together ? (When fertilised)

A

Zygote

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10
Q

What are the two types of fertilisation?

A

Internal and external

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11
Q

Example of internal fertilisation

A

Humans-

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12
Q

Example of external fertilisation

A

Fish-female lays eggs on ground then male fertilises them.

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13
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Early development of offspring/ when the nuclei of an egg and sperm fuse

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14
Q

Ovary(3)

A

-organ where eggs mature and are released
-produces oestrogen and progesterone (from puberty to menopause)
-females have 2

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15
Q

Fallopians tubes(2)(Oviduct)

A

-tube that transports egg from ovary to uterus(using small hairs)
-Fertilisation may occur here

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16
Q

Uterus(3)

A

-organ where developing baby grows
-has thick wall of muscle and elastic tissue
-inner lining grows and is released from puberty to menopause

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17
Q

Cervix(2)

A

-Ring of muscle at neck of uterus
-where baby comes out through during birth

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18
Q

Vagina(2)

A

-muscular tube that opens to the outside
-sometimes known as birth canal

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19
Q

Labia(1)

A

-fleshy lobes that protect the opening of the vagina

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20
Q

Clitoris(1)

A

Area very sensitive to stimulation

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21
Q

Testes(2)

A

-organ that produces sperm from puberty.
-also releases testosterone

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22
Q

Scrotum(2)

A

-pouch of skin which holds testes outside the body
-so they are at a suitable temperature

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23
Q

Epididymis (2)

A

-mass of coiled tubes
-transports sperm from testes

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24
Q

Sperm duct(1)

A

-tube that carries the sperm from the testes to the glands and urethra

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25
Q

Glands (2)

A

-opens into sperm duct and produces seminal fluid
-opens into urethra and produces alkaline fluid which neutralises urine.

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26
Q

Penis(3)

A

-Organ, which transport, semen and urine into the outside.
-contains spongy tissue which fails with blood when the organ is stimulated
-This makes the organ erect so that it can be placed inside the female

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27
Q

Urethra(2)

A

-Tube which passes through penis
-both semen and urine pass through it.

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28
Q

Foreskin(2)

A

-Area of skin which covers a sensitive tip of the penis
-can be removed during circumcision

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29
Q

What percentage of genetic information does the new baby contain?

A

50% of the mothers 50% of the fathers

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30
Q

Which process places millions of sperm in the female?

A

Sexual reproduction

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31
Q

What happens to all the other sperm when a sperm enters an egg?

A

Jelly coat on egg stops them entering the egg .They cannot enter the egg, so they die at exit the female.

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32
Q

Where is the female egg fertilised?

A

Usually in the oviduct

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33
Q

Definition of fertilisation

A

The nucleus of the male gamete joins with the nucleus of the female gamete. (Nucleus of egg joins nucleus of sperm)

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34
Q

What is it called when the first egg splits into more and more cells?

A

An embryo

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35
Q

Each month, what part of the woman releases an egg?

A

Ovaries

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36
Q

If an egg cell meets a sperm cell, what can happen?

A

Fertilisation

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37
Q

What does the embryo do into the lining of the uterus?

A

Implants

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38
Q

What does it mean when the embryo implants?

A

It buries itself into the lining of the uterus

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39
Q

What happens on day 0 of fertilisation

A

Fertilisation

40
Q

What happens on day one of fertilisation?

A

Zygote

41
Q

What happens on day two of fertilisation?

A

2 cell stage( singular cell has split into 2)

42
Q

What happens on day three to four of fertilisation?

A

4 cell stage then 8 cell stage

43
Q

What happens on day five of fertilisation?

A

Cell keeps dividing

44
Q

What happens on day eight to nine of fertilisation?

A

Implantation

45
Q

Where does ovulation occur?

A

In the ovary into the oviduct

46
Q

How does the egg travel down the oviduct?

A

By cilia (small hairs)

47
Q

Where does the zygote move to?

A

Down the oviduct into the uterus

48
Q

Process of zygote embedding into the wall of uterus

A

Implantation

49
Q

Rearrange the order of these words:
Fertilisation
Implantation
Ovulation

A

Ovulation
Fertilisation
Implantation

50
Q

Change to females in puberty (8)

A

-breasts developing
-Reproductive organs develop
-Period start
-Grow taller
-Pubic hair starts to grow
-ovaries grow
-Hormones change
-Hair grow under arms

51
Q

Changes to males in puberty(10)

A

-sperm is produced
-reproductive organs develop
-voice breaks
-testicles grow(x7)
-grow taller
-pubic hair starts to grow
-shoulders broaden
-facial hair develops
-hormones change
-hair grows under arms

52
Q

What is an embryo?

A

When the zygote(fertilised egg) divides into two cells.

53
Q

What is the fetus?

A

When an embryo cells start to become more specialised with arms and legs visible.

54
Q

When do you get identical twins?

A

When a sperm fertilises an egg, the cells start to double the group of cells will split in half creating eventually 2 embryos

55
Q

How do you get non-identical twins?

A

When two eggs are released from the female ovaries, and both are fertilised with different sperm.

56
Q

How do you get conjoined twins?

A

They are always identical and have the same thing as identical twins, but the cells only divide, partially, leaving them to be conjoined.

57
Q

What is adolescence?

A

Period of life between child and adulthood

58
Q

What is puberty?

A

The time was sex organs begin to work and change.

59
Q

What’s the changes that happen at puberty caused by?

A

Hormones

60
Q

Where does oestrogen come from?

A

Ovaries produce it

61
Q

Where does testosterone come from?

A

Testes produce it

62
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristics?

A

The ones you develop at puberty such as growing hair

63
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics?

A

The ones that you were born with

64
Q

Why do we lose lining of the uterus when not fertilised?

A

If not fertilised we lose it because gets rid of any bacteria

65
Q

Age range for puberty for girls?

A

8-13

66
Q

Age range of puberty for boys?

A

9-14

67
Q

How long can a sperm live up to?

A

5days

68
Q

How long can an egg live for?

A

1 day

69
Q

In the menstrual cycle what happens on days 1-5?

A

Menstruation( lining of uterus lost)

70
Q

In the menstrual cycle what happens on days 6-13?

A

Lining regrow

71
Q

In the menstrual cycle what happens on day14?

A

Ovulation(egg released)

72
Q

In the menstrual cycle what happens on days 15-28?

A

Lining is maintained

73
Q

When does oestrogen rise?

A

Days 1-14

74
Q

When is progesterone high?

A

Days 15-28

75
Q

What causes the lining of the uterus to break down?

A

A drop in progesterone

76
Q

Why does the lining of the uterus need to become thick?

A

To be somewhere for the egg to bury itself into. The blood gives the egg nutrience

77
Q

What is the placenta?

A

-Placenta is a barrier that can prevent harmful bacteria from reaching the baby.
-organ, responsible for providing oxygen and nutrients e.g glucose that the foetus needs to grow

78
Q

When does the placenta begin to form?

A

After implantation

79
Q

What does the placenta provide?

A

Oxygen and nutrients such as glucose

80
Q

What does the placenta remove?

A

Carbon dioxide and urea, which is a molecule in urine

81
Q

Definition of diffusion

A

The movement of anything from high concentration to low concentration

82
Q

What is amniotic fluid?

A

It protects the baby

83
Q

What is the umbilical cord for?

A

Transport materials from mother to baby and waste from baby to mother

84
Q

What is the umbilical cord?

A

Transport materials

85
Q

What is gestation?

A

Period of the time between fertilisation and birth(time you are pregnant)

86
Q

How long is a normal gestation period for humans?

A

Nine months or 40 weeks

87
Q

How does the oxygen and glucose from the mother’s blood get to the foetuses blood?

A

It diffuses at the placenta

88
Q

Why should you not smoke when pregnant?

A

The smoke could carbon monoxide inside means that the mother has less oxygen in her body so the baby will not grow as much

89
Q

Why is alcohol bad to drink when pregnant?

A

The alcohol goes from the placenta into the baby, and the baby cannot process alcohol as it affects its growth

90
Q

When does the first trimester end in the second trimester begin?

A

At week 14

91
Q

When does the third trimester begin?

A

At week 28

92
Q

Which way does the baby usually face ready for birth?

A

Head downwards

93
Q

What happens first at birth?

A

The cervix dilates to 10 cm, allowing the babies head to emerge

94
Q

What’s the second stage in birth?

A

The muscle in the wall of the uterus contract to push the baby out also known as labour

95
Q

What’s the third stage of birth?

A

When the placemto is pushed out, which is called after birth

96
Q

How many millimetres is equal to 1000 µm

A

1

97
Q

Sign for micro metres

A

Um

Biology (5 decks)

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