Reproductive Flashcards

Question

colostrum contents

Answer 1

high protein, fat and vitamins - energy immunoglobulins growth factors leukocytes

Answer 2

timing when collected from mum - decreased IgG over time breed parity pre partum nutrition length of dry period abortion/induction mastitis

Answer 3

inadequate supply - quantity or quality udder conformation poor mothering maternal disease poor neonatal vigour - reduced sucking

Answer 4

time from birth to sucking method of administration acidosis - reduces absorption ability induction of parturition

Answer 5

major risk for all neonatal disease especially if fail to suckle within 6 hours holteins particularly bad for it

Answer 6

serum immunoglobulin - refractometer - total prteins zinc sulphate turbidity sodium sulphate turbidity radial immunodiffusion nasal stick test - IgG lateral flow - IgG sample from 24 hours to 7 days consider effect of dehydration on total proteins

Answer 7

good pre partum nutrition avoid dystocia tube feed colostrum ASAP supervision keep good quality frozen colostrum colostrum substitutes

Answer 8

righting reflex in seconds suck reflex - 5-10 mins trying to stand - 30 mins standing - 1 hour nursing - 2 hours meconium passed - in 24 hours urine - dilute, large volumes in 6 hours for colts and 10 hours for fillies 2-3L colostrum nurse 5-7 times per hour

Answer 9

low birth weight short, sily hair floppy ears domed head weakness prolonged time to stand lax flexor tendons incomplete ossifciation or tarsal and carpal bones

Answer 10

health of dam in gestation foaling environment ease of delivery gestational age at birth placental abnormalities placental transfer or maternal immunoglobulin

Answer 11

septicemia increased infectious disease in first 4 months

Answer 12

failure of detachment of microvillous attachments usuallt tips of non gravid uterine horn dystocia premature delivery abortion c section uterine intertia delayed uterine involution placentitis

Answer 13

older mare induced parturition c section delayed uterine involution dystocia obstetric manipulation abortion still birth twinning retention at a previous birth

Answer 14

range from no effects - death (so can be real emergency) metritis laminitis myocarditis

Answer 15

fetal membranes still visible after 3-6 hours recent foaling or abortion failure to complete stage 3 within 3 hours of birth dystocia abnormalities at foaling sick mare placental membranes not been seen or incomplete placenta only

Answer 16

retained membranes hanging out pyrexia dullness depression reduced appetite reduced milk production endotoxemia abdominal pain - 12-48 hours post partum colic vaginal discharge

Answer 17

aim to - maintain uterine contractility control inflammation control bacterial proliferation tie up placenta hanging out so don't stand on it - weight of placenta can help it fall out oxytocin (can cause colic but very effective) uterine lavage - can cause contractions/separation, wash bacteria out and delay onset of sepsis antibiotics - after removal NSAIDs - bute or flunixin - for the colic after oxytocin manual removal - could cause hemorrhage, pulmonary embolism, uterine inveesion, prlapse or infection - ensure microvilli not attached still and all membranes out

Answer 18

signs of sepsis history or signs of laminitis lack of experience in handling these cases

Answer 19

common in diary cows dystocia uterine torsion abortion stillbirth c-section twins immunosuppression negative energy balance selenium/vitamin E deficiency hypocalcemia

Answer 20

delayed uterine involution longer time to first service decreased fertility increased risk endometritis, metritis, ketosis, mastitis decreased milk production less dramatic than in horsest

Answer 21

manual removal - could lead to increased metritis and can cause trauma to uterus and endometrium - more chance of bacteria build up and septicemia antibiotic pessary in uterus - expensive and milk withdrawal systemic antibiotics - only if systemically ill oxytocin/prostaglandin PFG2a

Answer 22

keep cos comfortable reduce stress around parturition adequate and balanced nutrition consider history - more likely to retain if have done before

Answer 23

sheep - rare goats - more than sheep but not common pigs - rare but increasing with breeding for more piglets, prolific sows more prone longer parturition a risk factor

Answer 24

time of year lactational anoestrus failure to cycle post foaling persistant CL ovulation failure ovarian neoplasia ovarian hematoma genetic abnormalities

Answer 25

long day breeders - melatonin in response to darkness inhibitis hypothalamus april-october - ovulatory can control artifically - artifical light or blue LED mask on one eye can also control with hormones exposure to stallion in neighbouring paddock to advance season improved BCS also helps to cycle earlier

Answer 26

oestrus at 7-12 days post partum then switch to regular 21 day cycle may have variable periods of anoestus after foaling then take a while to cycle normally

Answer 27

may only start cycling again when foal weaned

Answer 28

CL hangs around longer than notmal and delays onset of oestrous causes - ovulation late in dioestrous chronic endometritis - lose ability to produce prostaglandin to lyse CL, older mares lutenised anovulatory follicle try and lyse by giving prostaglandin high progesterone indicates presence of luteal tissue

Answer 29

usually anovulatory follicle insufficient hormone production higher incidence in older mare

Answer 30

granulosa cell tumour - hormonally active, stallion like behaviour usually unilateral, other ovary not working while tumour is there and gets small cystadenoma, teratome, cystadenoma - slow growing and hormonally inactive - other ovary functions normally

Answer 31

excessive post ovulation hemorrhage may need removed if big enough to damage ovary architecture

Answer 32

gonadal dysgenesis - sterile - missing sex chromosome, normal external but small ovaries and underdeveloped uterus mosaics/chimeras - some normal and some abnormal cells - sub or infertile no treatment, but uncommon

Answer 33

anatomically normal and cycling but not getting in foal endometritis uterine abnormalities oviduct abnormalities

Answer 34

inflammation of inner lining of uterus most common cause of subfertility breeding induced endometritis - normal - inflammatory response to insemination, should clear in 24-48 hours once debris flushed out by natural processes venereal pathogens - natural mating or contaminated semen usually older mares susceptible usually no external signs may see discharge ultraousn - oedema, fluid in lumen - graded by amount of fluid and character sampling - swab, low volume flush, or biopsy treatment - oxytocin or pgf2a - stimulate contraction to remove debris uterine lavage exercise - helps push fluid out antibiotics/antifungals - c&s address predisposing factors - conformation, contamination at breeding

Answer 35

uterine cysts - older mares, lymphatic origin visible on US can interfere with mobility of conceptus, prevent implantation and be misinterpreted as pregnancy adhesions - usually from trauma or previous dystocia areas of scarring inhibit implantation foreign bodies - recurrent non responsive endometritis if remove should return to normal neoplasia - leiomyoma - only an issue if obstrucitve or hemorhagic

Answer 36

twinning early embryonic loss abortion placentitis

Answer 37

rate of twin conception high in thoroughbreds placenta can't provide enough nutrients usually abort around 7-9 months early identification and pinching before fixation

Answer 38

loss of pregnancy before 70 days intrinsic factors - endometrial disease maternal age - oocyte quality decreases progesterone deficiency - not seen often in horses extrinsic factors - systemic disease - any that can endotoxemia, lead to increased systemic prostaglandin and luteolysis nutrition - poor BCS toxins iatrogenic - handling in embryo transfer

Answer 39

between 70-300 days may result from systemic disease usually don't find out why infectious causes - ascending placentitis EHV1 equine vial arteritis MRLS (caterpillar, we don't have it here) lepto nocardiform placentitis non-infectious causes - twinning umbilical cord torsion congenital abnormalities maternal disease mare not usually affected systemically

Answer 40

ascending - infection starting at caudal pole then spreading cranially may have vulval diacharge may have premature udder development can lead to abortion if extensive ultrasound - thickness of uterus and placenta at caudal pole antibiotics NSAIDs progesterone supplement pentoxyfyline - improve quality of RBCs prepare for compromised foal

Answer 41

viral bacterial fungal twinning placental disease foetal disease maternal disease premature placental separation no diagnosis in 50% cases

Answer 42

try and establish cause rule out infectious causes ensure not having outbreaks examine foetus and membranes isolation until infectious ruled out flushing repairing tears

Answer 43

ascending - most common - microorganisms access cervical portion of placenta via cervix diffuse/multifocal - hematogenous spread, widespread infection and inflammation - lepto, salmonella, candida focal mucoid - south america - nocardiform

Answer 44

usually older multiparous mares no clinical signs until advanced - discharge, premature udder development and lactation US - assess thickness at caudal pole of placenta

Answer 45

antibiotics NSAIDs pentoxyfyline - improves deforability in RBCs to improve perfusion to placenta alternogest - mitigates prostaglandin induced abortion aspirin

Answer 46

predisposed by poor comformation regular monitoring in future pregnancies prepare for compromised foal

Answer 47

cause unknown uncommon last 4 months mild colic - recurrent if severe torion risk of uterine rupture diagnosis - rectal palpation correct by rolling mare under GA or surgery severe troision --> occlusion of uterine blood flow --> ischemia to uterus and foetus --> abortion

Answer 48

variable swelling leaves a dent if you poke the belly mostly just normal to have oedeam towards term abdominal wall rupture hydrops

Answer 49

older mares swelling and pain draft horses associated with hydrops and twinning can be from trauma - kicking can be seen in conjunction with pre-pubic tendon tear - tear at insertion with pelvis ventral abdomen drops lordosis reluctance to move blood in milk treatment - abdominal support restricted exercise analgesia prognosis dependant on size of tear, should retire from breeding after

Answer 50

excess fluids build up in one of the placental compartments can lead to wall rupture may have spontaneous abortion, if not then usually need to induce parturition hydroallantois - chorioallantois not regulating fluid hydramnion - usually associated with foetal abnormality - uncommon older mares rapid onset abdominal distension last trimester low grade colic lethargy anorexia dyspnoea - uterus pushing cranially diagnosis - rectal palpation, ultrasound

Answer 51

common cause of vulval discharge lots of blood so looks alarming but mostly normal nothing wrong with foetus or uterus usually older mares grape like structures on roof of vagina can cauterise with formalin, laser or heat (or just leave them)

Answer 52

differentiate peri-partum conditions causing colic from non-reproductive causes late pregnancy - more prone to colon displacement and torsion could be due to foetal activity

Answer 53

cervix open allows bacteria entry

Answer 54

foetal death with persistent CL closed cervix no contractions

Answer 55

bad AI timing delayed ovulation poor uterine environment

Answer 56

day 1-19 genetic defects poor quality ova endometritis lack of interferon tau heat stress infection

Answer 57

day 19-40 same risk factors as early embryonic death also impact of management factors

Answer 58

day 40-270 infectious and non infectious causes

Answer 59

chlamydia toxoplasmosis salmonella campylobacter brucella abortus border disease fungal

Answer 60

genetic defects heat stress management stress nutrition iatrogenic

Answer 61

brucella abortus - notifiable leptospirosis trueperella pyogenes listeria monocytogenes campylobacter spp neospora caninum salmonella BVDV fungal

Answer 62

notifiable zoonotic long survival outside body ingestion or venereal spread hematogenous spread to uterus --> placentitis and endometritis stays latent but usually only abort once abortion storm in naive herds late pregnancy abortion lactating dairy cows routinely screened for antibodies management of metritis rather than treatment of the brucella

Answer 63

spread through infected urine, abortion products or venereal spread carried and excreted by sheep - advise against co-grazing with cattle rapid multiplaication in udder and uterus --> bacteremia sudden milk drop late abortion pyrexia microscopic agglutination test (MAT), ELISA, flourescent antibody test antibiotics to reduce shedding vaccine available

Answer 64

sporadic winter abortions contaminated silage transiet fever and illness abortion at or after times of illness usually late abortion abortion unrelated to CNS signs isolate organism from liver, abosmasum, foetus, placenta or vaginal discharge prevention - good silage hygiene and storage

Answer 65

carried by dogs most commonly diagnosied abortion cause in cows UK chronic infection repeat abortions can have live congenitally infected calves - pass through herd abortion at 5-6 months abortion storms in naive animals mummified foetus prevention - restrict dog access to feed and calving/abortion products

Answer 66

zoonotic common in sheep - enzootic abortion spread by ingestion of abortion products of infected ewes usually not ill at time of abortion latent infection, abortion following year after this usually immune vaccine available

Answer 67

carried by cats outcome dependent on stage of gestation when infected non pregnant - immune early pregnancy - early embryonic death late pregnancy - foetal death, mummification or weak lambs strawberry cotyledons vaccine available but no treatment

Answer 68

sporadic abortion storms - usually for one season then immune brought in by infected sheep or contaminated feed abortion 1 month before lambing aborted lambs are fresh red inflamed placenta no vaccine available

Answer 69

PGF2A - day 7-150 PGF and steroid (dexamethasone) - days 150-270 PGF or steroid - day 275+

Answer 70

usually e. coli of actinobacillus pyogenes clinical metritis - abnormally large uterus, not necessarily systemically ill, purulent discharge pureperal metritis - watery brown discharge, 21 days post calving, systemic illness grading - 0-3 - endometritis - normal discharge to 100% pus 4-5 - metritis - brown, smelly discharge to systemically unwell toxic metritis usually don't treat grade 1-2

Answer 71

abdominal straining in 3rd stage parturition especially if membranes still attached risk factors - decreased uterine tone - hypocalcemia, dystocia manual extraction of calf and membranes long stage 2 labour excessive straining replace as quickly as possible can lead to uterine artery rupture treatment - epidural to replace uterus, remove placenta, sugar solution may help to shrink uterus (draws out water)

Answer 72

scrotal circumference - related to fertility and fertility of daughters palpation - even, firm prepuce and penis - eg warts, lesions accessory sex glands - palpable per rectum - size, swelling, shape volume and density of semen gross and progressive motility morphology - bent tails, detached heads, proximal droplets, distal droplets libido and ability to serve - able to mount, penis extrudes eyes, jaw, heart, BCS, lungs, lameness handle samples very carefully - temerpature changes can cause shock

Reproductive Flashcards

(97 cards)